Dragon-s-Lair-X68k/docs/ROADMAP.md

# Roadmap — remaining work to a completion target

Written end of session 19 (2026-08-24), against a tree that is ALL GREEN.
Amended end of session 21: P1 done, P2 half done (FINDINGS 53).
Amended end of session 22: P3 done (FINDINGS 54).
Amended end of session 23: P5 done (FINDINGS 55).
Amended end of session 24: G1 done (FINDINGS 56).
Amended end of session 25: P4 HALF done (FINDINGS 57).
Amended end of session 26: P4b done, P4a is the last open item before M2
(FINDINGS 58).
Amended end of session 27: P4a done at the transport level; THE RE-ENCODE
BUNDLE under P2 is now the only thing between this tree and M2, because 59.4
made sector-aligned records a precondition the transport enforces rather than a
preference (FINDINGS 59).

**THE COMPLETION TARGET IS M3, THE VERTICAL SLICE** (USER DECISION): one scene
tree — a decision point, two outcomes, a death clip — with audio, streaming from
a real SCSI volume on a stock 2 MB machine, playable. That is the point at which
every layer of this design has been shown to work at once. M4 is listed because
it is real work, but past M3 it is content grinding rather than open questions.

`docs/STATUS.md` remains the session-by-session record and the handoff. This file
is the shape of what is left; where the two disagree about what is done, STATUS
is the one with the measurements and this one is the one that goes stale. Both
were wrong about two encoder gaps until this file was written — see "What was
already done" below.

---

## Status of the four resources

The project's own framing, restated because every item below is priced in one of
these units:

| resource | state |
|---|---|
| **68000 local bus** | the binding one. Decoder occupies 86.7%; 52 of 53 missed frames miss on the bus, not the clock (FINDINGS 38). |
| **68000 clocks** | measured, and the rate controller binds on them. |
| **Delivery rate** | **no working figure, deliberately** (FINDINGS 50, USER DECISION). Every tool REQUIRES an explicit rate. |
| **Seek time** | **no figure at all, and never had one.** 51.3/51.4 made it matter. |
| **W, clocks stolen per delivered byte** | 5 single-address held, 9 dual held, 12 single arbitrated; the IPL ROM's own disk channel is **16..19** (52.5). **The largest open number in the project.** Session 27 added the row underneath it: with **no external request line** on the card (59.2) the channel is auto-requested and is charged **by time rather than by byte**, so at 460 KB/s a 50% bus share costs **10.61 clk/B** and a smaller share cannot carry the rate at all (59.3). |

---

## What was already done, and was still on the list

Found while inventorying for this file. Both had been closed in code for several
sessions and were still listed as open gaps in `docs/STATUS.md`:

- **4-byte record padding.** `DLX2`, `encode.py:139-156`, inside rate-control
  accounting, reported per frame and per second.
- **CPU cost in the mode decision.** `vq_hybrid.py:218`, priced against measured
  per-mode cycles with the exact clustered SKIP rule.

Both entries are now struck in STATUS. **The lesson is procedural: a gap list
that is only ever appended to manufactures phantom work.** Anything crossed off
below should be crossed off in STATUS in the same sitting.

---

## Blocked on hardware this tree does not have

None of these block M2 or M3 software work, because session 18 forced every rate
to be an explicit argument. They set constants, and two of them decide how much
headroom the finished player has.

**B1. Measure the BlueSCSI — throughput AND seek time.**
Throughput has an acceptance test already derived from real record sizes:
**513.2 KB/s** for the session-14 candidate, **451.4 KB/s** for the gate
container (`19_ring_stream.py`, FINDINGS 49.5). Seek time has nothing.
51.3/51.4 is why the second half matters: slack is *accumulated* out of
`pipe - wire`, so what a branch point costs is set by the rate and the time since
the last branch, not by the ring size. At 460 KB/s every ring from 192 KB to
512 KB is rate-bound and never fills. **Do not substitute a guess** — run at
several explicit rates and report the sensitivity. That is exactly how the
retired pipe constant survived five sessions after 42.1 called it folklore.

**B2. Does buffer mode blank the display?** `probe_bit11_blank.lua` is written
and settles it in minutes on a real board. FINDINGS 48 shifted the prior toward
MAME and toward "unusable" — **do not pre-build on 1.0 B/pixel**. Same sitting:
the priority register `0xE82500` at `0x0000` (47.3).

**B3. Single-address vs dual-address DMA.** 242 KB/s and 0.69 dB. Needs
`scsiexrom.bin` (8 KB, CRC `7be488de`) sourced, then its DMAC init disassembled
for DCR's DTYP: `10`/`11` = single (5.0 clk/B), `00`/`01` = dual (9.0).
FINDINGS 48.4. Not on this machine (checked, session 18).
**This is also P4's input** — the handshake the player drives is the same
question from the software side.

> **Session 20 moved the prior hard, and it moved the wrong way (FINDINGS 52.5).**
> The IPL ROM *is* on this machine, and `tools/analysis/21_iplrom_dmac.py` reads
> its HD63450 setup: the on-board disk channel (ch1, SASI) is `DCR = $80` —
> **dual address, 8-bit port, cycle steal WITHOUT hold**, with `REQG = 10`
> external request, i.e. a full bus arbitration per byte. That is **16..19
> clocks per delivered byte**, above the whole 5..12 bracket 42.4 costs P4 in.
> Same vendor, same DMAC, same class of 8-bit port — but it is *not*
> `scsiexrom.bin`, so B3 stays open. What it changes is that a cheap
> configuration is now the thing that has to be **shown**, not assumed.

---

## M2 — a player, as opposed to a decoder

`decode.s` draws pixel-exact frames from RAM Lua pre-loaded; `stream.s` decodes
out of a bounded ring fed by a host file on a paced clock. Neither is a player.

**Exit criterion: boots from a real SCSI volume on a stock 2 MB X68000, plays
one scene at 12 fps from disc, no host-file pipe, no Lua in the loop. Silent.**

~~**P1. Codebook expansion on the 68000.**~~ **DONE, session 21 — FINDINGS 53.**
`src/player/load.i` expands both codebooks out of the raw container header,
byte-exact against `dlxload.py` on both CPU cores. **9.26 ms**, and it was
priced where it lands rather than treated as free setup: the scene header is
**5,920 B that no rate table in this tree counted**, and in the currency of
51.3 — accumulated slack — those bytes lengthen the refill climb by 138 ms at
488 KB/s and by **1.099 s at 451.4 KB/s**, because the surplus they are divided
by goes to zero. The whole fixed cost of a scene change is about a third of one
frame slot; what makes a branch point expensive is still the seek and the climb.
Shipping the codebooks pre-expanded was considered and refused: it trades
9.26 ms of CPU for 5,120 more header bytes, which is a wash in milliseconds and
not a wash in kind (53.6).

**P2. Palette packing on the 68000. HALF DONE, session 21 — FINDINGS 53.**
~~The encoder still emits RGB888; the X68000 word packing is Lua-side.~~ The
packing is on the 68000: `pal_pack` writes 256 words straight into `$E82000`
with `I` chosen per entry by minimum squared error (**1.96 dB**, 23.3), gated on
the words read back **out of the palette registers**. 9.70 ms per scene, plus
5.29 ms of scene-independent table build hoisted to boot (53.3).

**What is left is the other half of the sentence: reserve index 0 as black with
`I = 0` (23.4).** That is ENCODER-side, it changes the container, and it moves
every constant fitted to the gate container, so it is a re-encode plus a
re-measurement rather than an edit.

**THE RE-ENCODE BUNDLE, collected here because it is now four items and they
share one re-measurement.** Nothing below is worth a container revision on its
own; together they are one:
  1. reserve palette index 0 as black, `I = 0` (23.4, this item);
  2. `--spans all` as the default (E2, and it is the loaded lever on the byte
     side);
  3. re-derive span selection jointly with `lam` (E3);
  4. **sector-align every record (58.3; PROMOTED TO A PRECONDITION in session
     27, 59.4 — `sc_in_data` refuses a windowed read under the DMAC, so this is
     what the channel is waiting for)** — +0.43% on the
     wire, zero clocks, and it is what lets P4a's DMA channel write straight
     into the ring with no window and no bounce copy. Until then the letterbox gets the palette's
closest thing to black (index 255 on the gate container); `load.i` reports
whichever index that is and needs no change when it becomes 0.

~~**P3. A real frame clock.**~~ **DONE, session 22 — FINDINGS 54.**
`src/player/clock.i` derives the tick from the CRTC's own V-DISP through the
MFP, with a remainder-keeping divider whose two constants are read out of the
CRTC at init. **Exactly 12.000000 fps, by construction** — measured at 649 ticks
over 3,000 refreshes where 649.1429 were due, so the remainder still held and
nothing accumulated. **181.35 clocks per V-DISP, 838 per frame, 0.1006% of the
budget**, timed by the 68000 itself because the host's 17.64 ms granularity
cannot see it. `PACEON=0` free-run is untouched and so is the wait loop; the
free-running path executes none of the new code.

The item said "MFP timer or VBL" and **neither can do it alone**: 4e6/12 is not
an integer and no prescale/data pair reaches 12 Hz, while the slowest MFP tick
of any kind is 78.125 Hz; and the raster's 55.4577 Hz has no whole divide near
12 either (4 gives 13.86, 5 gives 11.09). `tools/analysis/23_frame_clock.py`
walks the whole space rather than asserting it.

**What it exposed is bigger than the item.** 12 fps on a 55.4577 Hz raster is
4.6215 refreshes, so a frame gets **4 refreshes (72.13 ms) or 5 (90.16 ms)** and
**there is no 83.33 ms frame** — that figure is the mean slot, and 37.9% of slots
are 13.4% under it. The cadence was ALREADY in every host-paced result in
FINDINGS 49/51, because `stream.lua`'s tick is sampled at frame boundaries and
its gaps were always 4 or 5; nothing had named it. On the gate container it
costs 4 frames of 120 their idle against 1 for the nominal model. **It is not a
dropped frame** — the pace gate lets an overrun eat the next frame's idle and
the clock recovers — but it means every budget in this project is priced against
a slot 37.9% of frames do not get. 54.4.

**Also struck: MAME's raster runs 2.22% fast** (`refresh_mode()` builds the frame
period from `htotal - 8`), so the tree's "1/55.46 s granularity" was 1/56.69 s
throughout. No 68000 cycle figure moves — the CPU clock is unrelated to the
screen — but anything paced by the raster does. 54.5.

**P4. Real transport. P4b DONE, session 26 — FINDINGS 58. P4a DONE at the
transport level, session 27 — FINDINGS 59. What is now between this tree and M2
is THE RE-ENCODE BUNDLE under P2, because the channel refuses a windowed read
(59.4) and 117 of 120 records need one.**
~~Drive the MB89352 instead of a host file.~~ `src/player/scsi.i` selects a SCSI
target and issues READ(10) on the 68000, with no IOCS and no host in the
transfer path: **4,096 B from LBA 0 and 2,048 B from LBA 1000, both byte-exact**
against the host's copy of the same volume.

**This item was listed as blocked and was not.** Session 21 recorded "MAME's
`x68000` has no MB89352 path"; `-exp1 cz6bs1` instantiates one, and FINDINGS
32.4 had read that card's DMA glue back in session 9. The real gap was the 8 KB
`scsiexrom.bin` MAME needs to instantiate the card and **the player never
executes**; a blank placeholder on a separate rompath settles it. **B3 still
wants the real ROM's bytes** and is untouched by this.

**What is left is the half that decides the project**, and it is now two pieces:

~~**P4a. A DMAC configuration that HOLDS THE BUS.**~~ **DONE at the transport
level, session 27 — FINDINGS 59.** `src/player/dma.i` programs HD63450 channel 1
and takes the DATA IN phase: **the same 2,048 B off the disc three ways — PIO,
held, stealing — all three byte-exact.** 57.3's warning was met rather than
worked around: the evidence never reads `$EA0015`. **MTC is sampled by the
instruction after the one that starts the channel, and held it reads zero of
2,048** — the whole transfer happened between two instructions, because the
68000 did not execute in between — against the full count and 426 CPU loop trips
for the stealing configuration. Put the stealing registers in the held slot and
every byte still arrives and the gate goes **red**, which is what says the
counter can come out different (58.3's vacuous-counter trap, avoided
deliberately).

**Three bounds on the apparatus, read out of MAME's source and not inferred**
(59.2): the card has **no request line to the DMAC** (its flow control is
DTACK), so external request — the mode the `W`=5 and `W`=12 rows assume —
cannot be run; **single address** cannot be run either (only channel 0 has
device callbacks); and **only burst is modelled as held**. Of the four rows of
the ladder exactly one, dual address held, has a code path here, and it is the
one demonstrated. The slot pinout has `#EXREQ` at B36, so a real card plausibly
drives it — **that is now B3's sharpest form**.

**What is left of P4a is downstream of the container, not of the DMAC** (59.4):
`sc_in_data` **refuses** a windowed read when the data phase is the channel's,
because a channel writes a contiguous run and cannot drop the 300 B in front of
a record. So putting the channel behind `ring.i`'s mailbox waits on the
re-encode bundle.

**P4c (new, and it is a DESIGN CHOICE the tree had not named).** Auto-request is
charged **by time, not by byte** — the channel spends its share of the bus
whether or not a byte is there, so halving the delivery rate DOUBLES the CPU
cost of the same record. The MC68450's GCR sets that share: `BT`/`BR`, four
values, 50/25/12.5/6.25%. `tools/analysis/28_autorequest_cost.py` prices it
against an explicit rate; at 460 KB/s **only the 50% share carries this
container**, at 10.61 clk/B and 47.6% of a frame per record, against 40.4% for
the `W`=9 row and 391.8% measured for PIO. **If B3 comes back saying the real
card drives `#EXREQ`, the ladder applies and this is the fallback; if it does
not, this IS the cost model** and the GCR pair is a number the player has to
choose.

~~**P4b. `scsi.i` behind `ring.i`'s `XF_*` mailbox.**~~ **DONE, session 26 —
FINDINGS 58.** `src/player/xfer.i` answers the mailbox with a real READ(10) per
record: **120 records, 4,488,588 B, pixel-exact, out of the same 256 KB ring,
with a real mid-stream seek in a second pass**. The tiling is the SAME 18 wraps
and 14.7 KB mean hole that 49.4's host producer and 55.4's modelled transport
produced — a third transport, same placement, which is the assertion that
`ring.i` could not tell which side of the seam answered it. The change above the
seam is two `bsr`s, and the one in `ring_seek`'s quiet-wait is not optional:
with the transport inside the machine, that loop is the only thing that can
retire an outstanding request.

**What it cost is the finding, and it re-prices P4a.** `tools/bench/
xfer_cost.sh` subtracts the same 120 frames run twice and gets **87.28 clocks
per delivered byte** — against the 68000's own cycle table for the loop, which
says **87.15**. **0.2% apart**, so it is the instruction stream and not MAME's
device model, and it is therefore the first number this rig has produced that
survives leaving the emulator. At this container's 37,405 B mean record that is
**391.8% of a 12 fps frame**, and the machine's own V-DISP clock agrees from the
other end: **2.57 fps**.

    W = 5   single address, bus HELD ............................ 22.4%
    W = 9   dual address, held .................................. 40.4%
    W = 12  single address, arbitrated .......................... 53.9%
    W = 19  dual address, arbitrated -- the IPL ROM's own (52.5) . 85.3%
    PIO 87  MEASURED, session 26 ................................ 391.8%

**So P4a is worth 4.6x the worst DMA configuration in this tree and 17.5x the
best**, where before this session it was worth 9 against 19. `W` itself **did
not move by one clock** and is still the largest open number — but what depends
on it just got much larger.

**One more thing P4a inherits (58.3).** A record is not a sector: 117 of 120
start part way into one. PIO absorbs that for free because the CPU is already
touching every byte and simply does not store the ones outside the window — a
property that **disappears the moment the DMAC takes over**, because a channel
writes a contiguous run and cannot drop bytes. The three ways out price as
+1.34% wire and no DMA (windowed PIO), +1.34% wire and **+5 clk/B of copy**
(bounce buffer, which is exactly the cost `aligned` was chosen over `split` to
avoid), or **+0.43% wire and zero clocks** (sector-aligned records in the
container). The last one wins on both axes and is a **re-encode**; see the
bundle under P2. **P4a should be attempted against a sector-aligned container,
not against this one.** *(Session 27: it was, in the only sense that mattered —
the transport now REFUSES the windowed case rather than being trusted not to
reach it, so the bundle is a precondition rather than a plan. 59.4.)*

*(original item, still the standing description of the `W` question:)*
Drive the MB89352 instead of a host file. **Session 23
added a second axis to it:** `W` is the clocks stolen per delivered byte, and
55.3 measured that the player's own request loop gives away 3-7% of the pipe
before `W` is even asked about. A transport design has to answer both. The `W`
handshake — clocks stolen per delivered byte, bracketed 5..12 by MC68450 Fig
4-25 — is listed in "Decisions locked" as UNDECIDED and as the thing that
decides the project: `W<=6` fits 0/120 frames, `W=8` misses 47/120. It is a
property of how the player drives the SPC, **so it is ours to choose, not to
receive** (FINDINGS 42.4-42.6). B3 informs it.

**Session 20 promoted this to the project's biggest open number.** FINDINGS 52.5
found the only worked example of a disk DMA configuration on this machine — the
IPL ROM's own — sitting at **16..19 clk/B**, where the whole design fails at any
container size (`15_bus_occupancy.py` sweeps it). The per-byte ladder is 5 clk/B
single-address with the bus held, 9 dual-address held, 12 single-address
arbitrated, 16..19 dual-address arbitrated. **Getting the DMAC to hold the bus
is the difference between 9 and 19**, it is a property of how the player
programs the channel, and demonstrating a configuration that does it is P4's
first job rather than its last.

**Do not quote 42.4's `W <= 6` / `W = 8` sensitivity table for this.** It is in
clocks per WORD and FINDINGS 43 voided it; 52.5 cited it in byte units when
first written and strikes it.

~~**P5. Seek and branch.**~~ **DONE, session 23 — FINDINGS 55.**
`src/player/ring.i` fills the ring on the 68000: `aligned` placement, the
descriptor ring, a prefill policy, 51.2's slack rule as arithmetic the player
can run (`ring_may_seek`), and a seek that quiets the channel and re-addresses
the stream out of the index. It reproduces the host producer's tiling exactly —
18 wraps, 14.7 KB mean hole, pixel-exact — and the host now AUDITS every
placement instead of making it.

The index is a **container change**: DLX4 carries `nframes` u16 record lengths
in the scene header, because `aligned` needs a record's length before it fetches
it and walking the stream is precisely what a player cannot do. Frame payloads
are byte-identical to the DLX3 encode; the scene header goes 5,920 to 6,164 B.

**What it exposed is bigger than the item.** A channel only moves bytes while it
has a request and only the CPU can issue one, so the disc **stands still between
records** by an amount set by the player's loop rather than by the medium — and
no host-filled run could see it. At 488 KB/s in a 256 KB ring, a one-deep
request queue gives away **6.8% of the pipe and underruns 59 of 120 frames**; a
two-deep one gives away 3.4% and underruns none. The container's whole surplus
over the wire at that rate is 8.7%, so the player's own loop was spending most
of the slack 51.3 accumulates. **Prefill is the weaker lever** — six records of
it still leaves 24 underruns at depth 1 — and the fix costs no clocks and no
bytes. 55.3, 55.4.

**P5a (open, and it belongs with P4).** The two-deep queue is modelled as two
mailbox slots. On the machine it is two DMAC channels or one channel with a
chained descriptor array, and which of those is affordable is a `W` question.

**P7. Boot.** The player as an executable loading from the SCSI volume.
Buildable, and empty until P4: there is nothing to boot from yet.

---

## M3 — the vertical slice, and the completion target

**Exit criterion: one decision point, two outcomes, a death clip, with audio,
playing from disc on stock hardware.**

**P6. Audio — and it is the largest unpriced risk left in the project.**
MSM6258 ADPCM, 15.6 kHz mono, **7.8 KB/s**. That figure is in `ratectl.py`'s
budget and nowhere else: not extracted, not encoded, not interleaved into the
container, and **never priced on the bus**. Two reasons to treat it as a risk
rather than a task:

1. A second DMA consumer attacks **the bus** — the resource this project already
   established is the binding one, at 86.7% occupied. Clock headroom says
   nothing about whether it fits.
2. 7.8 KB/s is a *byte* figure. The last time a byte/word unit error went
   unexamined in a delivery budget it cost the project a 2x error in every table
   since FINDINGS 5 (session 14, the MB89352 being an 8-bit SPC).

~~**Price it before writing it**: add the ADPCM DMA stream to `15_bus.py` and see
what it does to the 86.7%.~~ **DONE, session 20 — FINDINGS 52.** It is in
`15_bus_occupancy.py` and the answer is **1.25%..1.48% of the frame**, about 4%
of what the decoder leaves. The per-byte cost is no longer a guess borrowed from
the disk: `tools/analysis/21_iplrom_dmac.py` reads the IPL ROM's own HD63450
configuration and finds ch3 dual-address, 8-bit port, cycle steal without hold,
external request — **16..19 clocks per byte**, where `11_cpu_budget.py` had been
charging audio the disk's 5. Both worries above resolve:

1. **The bus concern does not materialise.** A second DMA consumer at 7.8 kB/s
   is not what a bus at 88% occupancy is short of.
2. **The unit was checked and is nearly right.** 15.6 kHz = 8 MHz ÷ 512 =
   15,625 samples/s, 4 bits each, two to a byte = **7,812.5 B/s exactly**. The
   7.8 was decimal kB being multiplied by 1024; 2.4% high, now derived from the
   sample rate in `buscost.ADPCM_BYTES_PER_S`.

**What is still open in P6 is everything except the bus:** extraction, encode,
container interleave, and what a second stream does to `wire` — and therefore to
`pipe - wire`, and therefore to 51.3's refill climb. That last one is the
interaction to price next, and it is E2's question with a second consumer in it.

**E6. Container v2** — audio interleave, per-record index, scene table. Depends
on P6's answer and on P5's index.

~~**G1. Import the scene graph — early, because it is a measurement input.**~~
**DONE, session 24 — FINDINGS 56.** It was pulled ahead for exactly the reason
given, and it paid: **the worst gap between two consecutive decision points is
zero**, and 5.4% of the game's 612 branch transitions are. Two seeks can fall
back to back with no play between them, so 51.2's slack rule can be answered NO
by the content rather than by the buffer.

It does not break the design — a branch on an empty ring costs the prefill
(149.7 ms, 1.80 frame slots at 488 KB/s), not the climb — but it removes the
margin: at 488 KB/s in a 256 KB ring, **76% of this game's branch points arrive
before the ring has refilled**, and a 512 KB ring makes that 90%. **The ring is
not the lever; the surplus is.**

Two constraints on the input layer came with it: the arcade needs **eight
directions**, and the shortest input window is **98 ms** against a 72.13/90.16 ms
frame slot, so input cannot be polled on the frame tick (56.7).

**The cross-check plan was wrong and is struck.** The SNES chapters are
*derived* from DirkSimple, by their own README, so there is one transcription and
not two; the diff catches conversion errors only (56.2). **Nothing is vendored:**
`tools/import/scenegraph.py` is the one file coupled to those projects and it
writes this project's own `DLXSCENE1` schema into gitignored `tmp/`
(USER DECISION, session 24).

---

## M4 — the whole game

Listed for completeness; past M3 these are scope, not risk.

- **C1. Full-disc survey**, 22.8 minutes. Classify **content / menu / bonus** —
  not menu vs content: the two largest streams are bonus material and look like
  content by size, duration and bitrate alike (25.1). Run
  `07_motion_survey.py` per stream first for a hot-window shortlist.
  **Gated by E4.**
- **E4. `H.build` k-means**, 51 s of a 55 s run, once per scene. The thing to
  attack before C1, and not anything in the per-frame path (27.6).
- **E2. `--spans all` as default.** *(re-encode bundle item 2; see P2.)* Still a recommendation, not a measurement
  (43.6.1), and the only loaded lever on the encoder's byte side (44.3). **It
  spends every profitable byte, which raises `wire`, which shrinks `pipe - wire`,
  which lengthens the refill climb after every branch.** That interaction is not
  priced, and M3 is where it becomes measurable.
- **E3. Re-derive span selection jointly with `lam`** (39.3). *(bundle item 3.)*
- **C2. Framing** — crop vs squash vs wide (FINDINGS 12). Needs an eyeball
  against arcade reference, not a measurement. Cheap; blocks only final encodes.
- **C3. Disk image packaging**, ~1.09 GiB at the candidate rate.
- **G2/G3.** Branching, input windows, death clips, attract mode; playtest.

---

## Dependency summary

```
B1 seek+rate ─┐
B3 DTYP ──────┴─> P4a DMA HOLDS THE BUS ──┐    (P4b DONE, 58: the ring is
                                          │     filled off a real volume, and
P1 P2(half) P3 P4b P5 P7 ─────────────────┤     PIO costs 87 clk/B)
                                          ├─> M2 ─> M3 (TARGET) ─> M4
P6 (bus cost DONE, 52) ───────────────────┤
G1 scene graph (DONE, 56) ────────────────┘
B2 blanking ─> (page 1; do not pre-build on it)
```

## Standing rules that apply to all of it

- **Green light first and last.** `./tools/bench/check.sh`, ALL GREEN, before and
  after. **Never two MAME jobs at once** — session 18 did it, two `decode.lua`
  runs shared a log file, and it produced a 0-byte log and 15 wasted minutes.
- **Name the layer.** Emulated, or real hardware. Every progress claim.
- **Label measured / estimated / folklore.** A rate with no provenance is
  folklore even when it is plausible, and this project has already paid for that
  twice.
- **No new default constants.** Rates stay explicit arguments. If a measurement
  is not available, report the sensitivity across several rates rather than
  picking one.