Merge: the advice tap points both ways

Claude-Session: https://claude.ai/code/session_01KGACAtTPjvZ2PipDZ5qD99

.env.example

@@ -44,6 +44,12 @@ TTS_AUDIO_FORMAT=mp3              # mp3 | opus | wav — mp3/opus transcode Pipe
 # them commented out for local development and Petal runs as the single
 # hardcoded `local` user, exactly as it did before auth landed.
 #
+# That fallback is scoped to development on purpose. With a BASE_URL naming
+# anything but localhost, Petal refuses to start rather than run open — see
+# PETAL_REQUIRE_AUTH — because the fallback on a reachable host means every
+# anonymous visitor is the `local` user, with full read and write over every
+# document in the database.
+#
 # AUTHENTIK_URL is the issuer of the Petal provider in Authentik (the value of
 # its "OpenID Configuration Issuer" field). The redirect URI to register there
 # is BASE_URL + /auth/callback.
@@ -52,8 +58,15 @@ TTS_AUDIO_FORMAT=mp3              # mp3 | opus | wav — mp3/opus transcode Pipe
 # AUTHENTIK_CLIENT_SECRET=
 #
 # Who may sign in: comma-separated OIDC subject ids and/or email addresses.
-# Empty = anyone Authentik authenticates.
+# Empty = anyone Authentik authenticates, which is right for a single-household
+# instance and wrong the moment the IdP serves a wider audience than Petal. An
+# empty list is warned about at every boot rather than assumed either way.
 # PETAL_ALLOWED_SUBS=her@example.com,me@example.com
+#
+# Whether a missing OIDC configuration is fatal. Defaults to false for a
+# loopback BASE_URL and true for anything else, so neither a laptop nor a
+# deployment normally has to name it.
+# PETAL_REQUIRE_AUTH=true
 
 # --- Deferred (not wired in the local-dev build) ---
 

.gitignore

@@ -10,6 +10,10 @@ web/dist/*
 !web/dist/.gitkeep
 *.log
 
+# Python
+__pycache__/
+*.pyc
+
 # Local env & data
 .env
 *.db

cmd/server/headers_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+package main
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// The baseline policy has to actually permit the frontend Vite builds. These
+// are the allowances dist/index.html needs; if a future build starts emitting
+// an inline script or pulling from a new host, that shows up here rather than
+// as a blank page in production.
+func TestBaselineCSPCoversTheBuiltFrontend(t *testing.T) {
+	required := []string{
+		"script-src 'self'",                            // Vite emits no inline script
+		"'unsafe-inline' https://fonts.googleapis.com", // React style={{…}} + the font link
+		"https://fonts.gstatic.com",                    // the font files themselves
+		"blob:",                                        // read-aloud plays an object URL
+		"object-src 'none'",
+		"base-uri 'self'",
+		"frame-ancestors 'self'",
+	}
+	for _, want := range required {
+		if !strings.Contains(contentSecurityPolicy, want) {
+			t.Errorf("baseline CSP is missing %q:\n%s", want, contentSecurityPolicy)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// The middleware is a floor, not a ceiling: it runs *before* the handler
+// precisely so a route serving untrusted bytes can overwrite the policy with a
+// stricter one. This is the contract the image store depends on, and the reason
+// the policy no longer lives in the Traefik labels — customresponseheaders
+// would overwrite it in the other direction.
+func TestRouteMayTightenTheBaselineCSP(t *testing.T) {
+	strict := "default-src 'none'; sandbox"
+	handler := securityHeaders(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
+		w.Header().Set("Content-Security-Policy", strict)
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+	}))
+
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	handler.ServeHTTP(rec, httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/api/images/x.svg", nil))
+
+	if got := rec.Header().Get("Content-Security-Policy"); got != strict {
+		t.Fatalf("handler's policy was not honoured: got %q, want %q", got, strict)
+	}
+	// The headers it didn't touch still stand.
+	if rec.Header().Get("X-Content-Type-Options") != "nosniff" {
+		t.Error("baseline nosniff was lost")
+	}
+}
+
+// Every ordinary response carries the baseline.
+func TestBaselineHeadersOnAPlainResponse(t *testing.T) {
+	handler := securityHeaders(http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, _ *http.Request) {
+		w.WriteHeader(http.StatusOK)
+	}))
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	handler.ServeHTTP(rec, httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil))
+
+	for header, want := range map[string]string{
+		"Content-Security-Policy": contentSecurityPolicy,
+		"X-Content-Type-Options":  "nosniff",
+		"Referrer-Policy":         "same-origin",
+	} {
+		if got := rec.Header().Get(header); got != want {
+			t.Errorf("%s = %q, want %q", header, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+}

cmd/server/main.go

@@ -64,21 +64,45 @@ func main() {
 	sessions := auth.NewSessionStore(database.DB)
 	users := auth.NewUserStore(database.DB)
 
+	// …and the fallback is exactly what must not happen quietly on a public
+	// host. Refuse to start rather than serve someone's journals to the open
+	// internet because one environment variable was misspelled. See
+	// config.RequireAuth for why this defaults on for any non-loopback BASE_URL.
+	if !cfg.AuthEnabled() && cfg.RequireAuth {
+		log.Fatalf("auth: refusing to start unauthenticated at %s.\n"+
+			"  Petal would resolve every anonymous request to the single %q user, with full\n"+
+			"  read and write over every document in the database.\n"+
+			"  Set AUTHENTIK_URL, AUTHENTIK_CLIENT_ID and AUTHENTIK_CLIENT_SECRET, or set\n"+
+			"  PETAL_REQUIRE_AUTH=false if this really is a trusted private network.",
+			cfg.BaseURL, db.LocalUserID)
+	}
+
 	var resolver auth.Resolver = auth.StaticResolver(db.LocalUserID)
 	var oidcClient *auth.OIDC
 	if cfg.AuthEnabled() {
+		allowed := auth.ParseAllowlist(cfg.AllowedSubs)
 		oidcClient = auth.NewOIDC(context.Background(), auth.Options{
 			IssuerURL:    cfg.AuthentikURL,
 			ClientID:     cfg.AuthentikClientID,
 			ClientSecret: cfg.AuthentikClientSecret,
 			BaseURL:      cfg.BaseURL,
-			Allowed:      auth.ParseAllowlist(cfg.AllowedSubs),
+			Allowed:      allowed,
 		}, sessions, users)
 		resolver = sessions
 		if n, err := sessions.Prune(); err == nil && n > 0 {
 			log.Printf("auth: pruned %d expired session(s)", n)
 		}
 		log.Printf("auth: OIDC enabled (issuer=%s, redirect=%s)", cfg.AuthentikURL, oidcClient.RedirectURI())
+		// An empty allowlist is a legitimate choice for a single-household
+		// instance and a wide-open door in front of an IdP that fronts anything
+		// else. Petal cannot tell which it is, so it says so every boot rather
+		// than assuming.
+		if len(allowed) == 0 {
+			log.Printf("auth: WARNING — PETAL_ALLOWED_SUBS is empty, so EVERY account %s "+
+				"authenticates may sign in and start writing here. Set it to the "+
+				"comma-separated emails (or subject ids) that belong in this Petal.",
+				cfg.AuthentikURL)
+		}
 	} else {
 		log.Printf("auth: OIDC not configured — running as the single %q user", db.LocalUserID)
 	}
@@ -96,7 +120,7 @@ func main() {
 	defer dict.Close()
 	lexSet := lexicon.NewSet(dict)
 	if lexSet.HasDreamDict() {
-		log.Printf("dictionary: DreamDict open at %s (%v)", cfg.DictPath, dict.Langs())
+		log.Printf("dictionary: DreamDict open at %s (%s)", cfg.DictPath, lexSet.Contents())
 	} else {
 		log.Printf("dictionary: no dict.db at %s — English/Chinese only", cfg.DictPath)
 	}
@@ -106,6 +130,7 @@ func main() {
 	r.Use(middleware.RealIP)
 	r.Use(middleware.Logger)
 	r.Use(middleware.Recoverer)
+	r.Use(securityHeaders)
 
 	// Build version: a hash of the embedded SPA shell. Vite rewrites index.html
 	// with content-hashed asset names on every build, so this string changes
@@ -149,6 +174,12 @@ func main() {
 			// this id and shows the signed-in writer.
 			pr.Get("/me", users.MeHandler())
 
+			// …and the one thing about herself she can change: which language
+			// Petal is her pair in. It lives here rather than under a /settings
+			// tree because there is exactly one setting and it is a property of
+			// the user row — the same row /me reads back.
+			pr.Patch("/me", users.UpdateMeHandler())
+
 			llmClient := llm.NewLLMClient(cfg)
 			sug := suggestions.New(database, llmClient)
 
@@ -176,6 +207,9 @@ func main() {
 			lex := lexicon.NewHandler(database.DB, lexSet)
 			pr.Mount("/word", lex.Routes())
 			pr.Mount("/gloss", lex.GlossRoutes())
+			// The same lookup pointing the other way: a Chinese word to its pinyin
+			// and English senses, for an account whose direction is learning_pair.
+			pr.Mount("/hanzi", lex.HanziRoutes())
 
 			// Vocabulary garden: words the writer looks up are captured here and
 			// surfaced for gentle spaced-repetition review.
@@ -200,7 +234,11 @@ func main() {
 			// back to the browser's Web Speech API on its own.
 			if ttsHandler, ok := tts.New(cfg); ok {
 				pr.Mount("/tts", ttsHandler.Routes())
-				log.Printf("read-aloud enabled (TTS endpoint=%s)", cfg.TTSEndpoint)
+				// Name the languages, not just the English endpoint: which
+				// voices a deployment actually reached is the thing worth
+				// seeing at boot, and a missing sidecar is silent otherwise
+				// (a 404 the client answers by quietly using Web Speech).
+				log.Printf("read-aloud enabled (voices: %s)", strings.Join(ttsHandler.Languages(), ", "))
 			}
 		})
 	})
@@ -221,6 +259,47 @@ func main() {
 	}
 }
 
+// contentSecurityPolicy is the default policy for everything Petal serves.
+//
+// It lives here rather than in the Traefik labels, and that move is the point:
+// Traefik's customResponseHeaders *sets* a header, overwriting whatever the
+// application chose, so a policy declared at the edge silently replaces the
+// stricter one an individual route needs. Stored images need exactly that (an
+// uploaded SVG is a document that can carry script — see internal/images), and
+// a rule the edge can quietly undo is not a rule.
+//
+// The allowances are what the built frontend actually uses, no more: script
+// only from Petal itself (Vite emits no inline script — this policy is checked
+// against dist/index.html), inline *styles* because React's style={{…}} props
+// compile to style attributes, and Google's font hosts because index.html links
+// them. object-src and base-uri close the two attribute-injection routes that
+// survive HTML escaping.
+const contentSecurityPolicy = "default-src 'self'; " +
+	"script-src 'self'; " +
+	"style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' https://fonts.googleapis.com; " +
+	"font-src 'self' data: https://fonts.gstatic.com; " +
+	"img-src 'self' data: blob:; " +
+	"media-src 'self' data: blob:; " +
+	"connect-src 'self'; " +
+	"object-src 'none'; " +
+	"base-uri 'self'; " +
+	"form-action 'self'; " +
+	"frame-ancestors 'self'"
+
+// securityHeaders lays down the baseline response headers before the handler
+// runs, so a route that needs something stricter — the image store — simply
+// overwrites its own copy on the way past. Ordering is the mechanism: this is a
+// floor, not a ceiling.
+func securityHeaders(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
+	return http.HandlerFunc(func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		h := w.Header()
+		h.Set("Content-Security-Policy", contentSecurityPolicy)
+		h.Set("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
+		h.Set("Referrer-Policy", "same-origin")
+		next.ServeHTTP(w, r)
+	})
+}
+
 // maxAPIBodyBytes caps a JSON API request body at 2 MiB. That's far above any
 // real document save (the body is text plus lightweight marks; images upload
 // separately by reference) while still bounding abuse. Exceeding it makes the

deploy/README.md

@@ -23,11 +23,13 @@ runs them.
 
 - **petal** — the single Go binary with the frontend embedded. Publishes no host
   port; Traefik is the only way in.
-- **piper-en** / **piper-zh** — read-aloud. Each Piper HTTP server loads exactly
-  one voice, so English and Chinese are separate containers off one image, with
-  the models cached in a shared volume. They sit on an internal network with no
-  published ports, so only Petal can reach them. Adding pt-PT in Phase 21 is a
-  fourth service, not a new image.
+- **piper-en** / **piper-zh** / **piper-pt** / **piper-fr** — read-aloud. Each
+  Piper HTTP server loads exactly one voice, so every language is its own
+  container off one image, with the models cached in a shared volume. They sit
+  on an internal network with no published ports, so only Petal can reach them.
+  Adding pt-PT in Phase 21 was a third service and fr in Phase 24 a fourth —
+  never a new image, and since Phase 21 never any Go either (the languages are
+  discovered from `TTS_ENDPOINT_<LANG>`/`TTS_VOICE_<LANG>`).
 
 They run as containers rather than the host systemd units millenia uses because
 Piper was never actually installed on the VPS, and the `reala` account has no
@@ -231,8 +233,21 @@ unauthenticated `/api/health` router that existed only to escape it: every `/api
 route now answers 401 without a session, and the only thing an anonymous visitor
 gets is the app shell and a redirect to sign in.
 
-If you ever run this stack *without* `AUTHENTIK_*` configured — Petal then falls
-back to the single `local` user — put the gate back before pointing DNS at it:
+Removing that gate meant a missing `AUTHENTIK_*` variable stopped being a
+nuisance and became an exposure: Petal would fall back to the single `local`
+user and hand every anonymous visitor full read and write over the database,
+saying so only in a log line. So **it now refuses to start instead**:
+
+```
+auth: refusing to start unauthenticated at https://petal.parodia.dev.
+  Petal would resolve every anonymous request to the single "local" user, ...
+```
+
+The guard defaults on for any `BASE_URL` that isn't loopback, so a laptop
+checkout still runs open and a deployment cannot. If you genuinely want an
+unauthenticated instance on a trusted private network, say so out loud with
+`PETAL_REQUIRE_AUTH=false` — and if it is reachable from anywhere else, put a
+gate back in front of it first:
 
 ```yaml
 traefik.http.routers.petal.middlewares: compression@file,petal-headers,petal-auth
@@ -241,6 +256,28 @@ traefik.http.middlewares.petal-auth.basicauth.users: ${PETAL_BASIC_AUTH:?}
 
 with `htpasswd -nbB petal 'your-password'` in `.env` as `PETAL_BASIC_AUTH`.
 
+### Who gets in
+
+`PETAL_ALLOWED_SUBS` is a comma-separated list of emails and/or OIDC subject
+ids. **Set it.** Empty means everyone authentik authenticates, and authentik on
+this host fronts several applications — a valid account there is not the same as
+belonging in someone's private journal. An empty list is legal (a single-
+household instance may want it) and warns at every boot:
+
+```
+auth: WARNING — PETAL_ALLOWED_SUBS is empty, so EVERY account ... may sign in
+```
+
+### Response headers
+
+`Content-Security-Policy`, `X-Content-Type-Options` and `Referrer-Policy` are set
+by the binary, not by the Traefik labels. Traefik's `customresponseheaders`
+*overwrites*, which would silently replace the stricter policy an individual
+route picks for itself — the image store serves stored uploads under
+`default-src 'none'; sandbox` so that an SVG someone pasted into a document
+cannot run as a page on Petal's own origin. Only HSTS stays at the edge, where
+TLS is actually terminated.
+
 ---
 
 ## 4a. Moving an account (`scripts/migrate_local_user.py`)
@@ -332,13 +369,38 @@ commonest English words; ECDICT covers essentially all of them and is in daily
 use by a real writer. `lexicon.Set.For` is where that decision lives — one
 `switch`, changed the day a comparison on her actual lookups says otherwise.
 
-For pt-PT and French the same measurement reads 62%, which is why they use
-DreamDict: there is no alternative source for them at all.
+For pt-PT and French the same measurement reads 62% and 63%, which is why they
+use DreamDict: there is no alternative source for them at all.
 
-**The deployed `dict.db` is from 2026-04-04 and has no Spanish data**, because
-DreamDict grew Spanish support after it was built. A Spanish-pair writer gets
-empty glosses (and English definitions) until it is rebuilt — do that before
-the Spanish pair ships.
+### Rebuilding it
+
+Rebuilt 2026-07-27 to add Spanish (the previous file predated DreamDict's
+Spanish support). The recipe, since it will be needed again:
+
+```bash
+# on millenia, from a clean checkout of dreamdict main
+./scripts/download-dict-data.sh ~/dreamdict/data     # idempotent; skips what's there
+go run ./cmd/dictimport --data ~/dreamdict/data --db ./dict.db --clean
+```
+
+~6 minutes on 32 cores; the data directory is ~7 GB and mostly already
+downloaded. **Build to a new path, never over a file in use** — then verify by
+hash on both ends before swapping.
+
+Two things worth knowing before trusting a rebuild:
+
+- The SUBTLEX-US download fails (the source moved behind a manual export). It
+  does not matter: the loader falls back to `SUBTLEX-US.txt`, which is present,
+  and English "frequency" is mostly SCOWL's commonness bucket anyway —
+  1000/800/600/…/50, refined by SUBTLEX for only ~1,600 words. That is why the
+  word-difficulty chip reads `difficulty`, not `frequency`.
+- Check the *other* languages' counts are unchanged before shipping. The 2026-07
+  rebuild came out byte-identical for en/fr/pt-PT/zh, which is what says it
+  added a language rather than quietly shifting the rest.
+
+Gloss coverage of the 2,000 commonest English words, after the rebuild:
+**es 68.6%**, fr 63.1%, pt-PT 62.1%, zh 53.2%. The startup line reports actual
+per-language row counts, so a database missing a language says so.
 
 ---
 
@@ -554,6 +616,42 @@ Petal's env then carries `TTS_ENDPOINT=http://127.0.0.1:5005`,
 maps language → instance from config, so another language is another instance
 plus an env pair, no code change.
 
+**Adding a language (Phase 21 made this literal).** Petal discovers its Piper
+instances from the environment: English is the unsuffixed
+`TTS_ENDPOINT`/`TTS_VOICE_EN`, and every other language is a
+`TTS_ENDPOINT_<LANG>`/`TTS_VOICE_<LANG>` pair. `<LANG>` is the *base* tag —
+`PT`, not `PT_PT`, because an environment variable name cannot hold a hyphen and
+only one Portuguese model is loaded regardless. Both halves must be set: an
+endpoint with no voice is dropped, so a half-finished language reads to the
+browser as "no voice here, use Web Speech" instead of erroring on every tap. The
+startup line names what it actually resolved:
+
+```
+read-aloud enabled (voices: en=en_US-amy-medium, pt=pt_PT-tugão-medium, zh=zh_CN-huayan-medium)
+```
+
+**Portuguese: `pt_PT-tugão-medium` is the only European voice Piper ships.** The
+other five `pt_*` models in the catalogue are all Brazilian, so the voice has to
+be named explicitly for the same reason the Hunspell dictionary did (Phase 21):
+the obvious default is the wrong country. Check what exists before assuming:
+
+```bash
+docker exec petal-piper-en python -c "import urllib.request,json; \
+d=json.load(urllib.request.urlopen('https://huggingface.co/rhasspy/piper-voices/resolve/main/voices.json')); \
+print([k for k in d if k.startswith('pt')])"
+```
+
+**French: the opposite situation, and worth knowing it is.** Every `fr_*` voice
+in the catalogue is `fr_FR`, so there is no wrong country to land on by default
+and no Québec voice to choose instead; `fr_FR-siwis-medium` is picked to match
+the register of the other three rather than to avoid anything. The name is also
+plain ASCII, so the entrypoint's percent-encoded download fallback — which
+exists only because `tugão` broke `piper.download_voices` — never fires here.
+
+**Slow replay.** `POST /api/tts` takes `slow: true`, which raises Piper's
+`length_scale` to about 4/3 (≈0.75× pace). It is a separate cache entry, not a
+playback-rate trick, so the slow clip is synthesized once and then instant.
+
 **Piper version note:** piper-tts moved synthesis from `POST /` to
 `POST /synthesize` in 1.6.0, with an identical request body. `TTS_PATH` selects
 which — it defaults to `/`, and both the VPS compose and millenia's `start.sh`

deploy/petal.env.example

@@ -20,13 +20,9 @@ TZ=Europe/Lisbon
 PETAL_UID=1001
 PETAL_GID=1001
 
-# --- Interim edge gate (delete when Phase 16 auth lands) ---------------------
-# Petal has no authentication of its own yet — StaticResolver hands every
-# request the same local user — so Traefik holds the door with basic auth until
-# the OIDC flow exists. user:bcrypt-hash, as produced by:
-#   htpasswd -nbB petal 'your-password'
-# /api/health is deliberately exempt (its own router) so monitoring still works.
-PETAL_BASIC_AUTH=
+# (The interim PETAL_BASIC_AUTH edge gate is gone: Petal authenticates for
+# itself now, and the auth block at the bottom of this file is what holds the
+# door. A second password in front of a real login is one more thing to lose.)
 
 # --- LLM (millenia, over headscale) ------------------------------------------
 # The only cross-VPN dependency. Petal degrades warmly when it's unreachable:
@@ -49,22 +45,58 @@ LLM_TIMEOUT=90s
 # --- Read-aloud (Piper sidecars) ---------------------------------------------
 # Endpoints are wired in docker-compose.yml; these pick the voice each sidecar
 # loads. Changing one means recreating that container so it downloads the model.
+#
+# A language is routable only when both halves are set — a TTS_ENDPOINT_XX with
+# no TTS_VOICE_XX reads as "no voice for this language" and the browser's own
+# synthesizer takes over, rather than as an instance that errors on every
+# request. Adding es is a compose service plus a pair of lines here.
+#
+# pt_PT-tugão-medium is the only European Portuguese voice Piper ships; every
+# other pt model in the catalogue is Brazilian. French has the opposite
+# property — every fr voice in the catalogue is fr_FR — so there is no wrong
+# country to land on and no non-ASCII name to trip the downloader.
 TTS_VOICE_EN=en_US-amy-medium
 TTS_VOICE_ZH=zh_CN-huayan-medium
+TTS_VOICE_PT=pt_PT-tugão-medium
+TTS_VOICE_FR=fr_FR-siwis-medium
+# Mexican, not peninsular — the es pack is written in neutral Latin American
+# Spanish, and es_ES-davefx-medium would read it in the accent it avoids.
+TTS_VOICE_ES=es_MX-ald-medium
 TTS_AUDIO_FORMAT=mp3
 TTS_TIMEOUT=15s
 
 # --- Auth (Authentik OIDC) ---------------------------------------------------
-# Authentik already runs on this host. Set all three and Petal authenticates
-# for itself; leave any unset and it falls back to the single `local` user
-# (which on a public host means the Traefik basic-auth gate must stay).
+# NOT OPTIONAL HERE. Authentik already runs on this host; set all three and
+# Petal authenticates for itself.
+#
+# Leave any of them unset and Petal REFUSES TO START, because the alternative is
+# worse: it would otherwise fall back to resolving every anonymous request to
+# the single `local` user, handing the open internet full read and write over
+# every document in the database. That fallback is right on a laptop and a
+# catastrophe on this host, so the guard is on for any non-loopback BASE_URL.
+# See PETAL_REQUIRE_AUTH below.
 #
 # AUTHENTIK_URL is the provider's issuer, and the redirect URI to register in
 # Authentik is https://petal.parodia.dev/auth/callback.
-# AUTHENTIK_URL=https://auth.parodia.dev/application/o/petal/
-# AUTHENTIK_CLIENT_ID=petal
-# AUTHENTIK_CLIENT_SECRET=
+AUTHENTIK_URL=https://auth.parodia.dev/application/o/petal/
+AUTHENTIK_CLIENT_ID=petal
+AUTHENTIK_CLIENT_SECRET=
+
+# Who may sign in: comma-separated subject ids and/or emails.
 #
-# Who may sign in: comma-separated subject ids and/or emails. Empty = anyone
-# Authentik authenticates, which is wider than this instance wants.
-# PETAL_ALLOWED_SUBS=
+# SET THIS. Empty means everyone Authentik authenticates, and Authentik on this
+# host fronts half a dozen applications — being a valid user there is not the
+# same as belonging in someone's private journal. An empty value is legal (a
+# single-household instance may genuinely want it) and says so loudly in the
+# startup log every boot.
+#
+# An email is knowable in advance; a subject id is an opaque uuid nobody can
+# know before that person's first login. Use emails to invite, subject ids to
+# pin.
+PETAL_ALLOWED_SUBS=her@example.com,me@example.com
+
+# The guard itself. Defaulted from BASE_URL — loopback origins run open, real
+# ones demand a login — so it does not normally need setting. Set it to false
+# only for a deployment genuinely reachable from nowhere but a trusted network,
+# and understand that it means anyone who reaches Petal is the `local` user.
+# PETAL_REQUIRE_AUTH=true

deploy/piper/entrypoint.sh

@@ -10,7 +10,42 @@ port="${PIPER_PORT:-5000}"
 
 if [ ! -f "${data_dir}/${voice}.onnx" ]; then
   echo ">> downloading voice ${voice} into ${data_dir}"
-  python -m piper.download_voices "${voice}" --data-dir "${data_dir}"
+  # piper.download_voices cannot fetch a voice whose name isn't ASCII, and the
+  # only European Portuguese voice in the catalogue is pt_PT-tugão-medium:
+  # the downloader pastes the name straight into the request line, and
+  # http.client encodes that as ASCII, so it dies with UnicodeEncodeError on
+  # the ã before a byte leaves the container. Every pt_BR voice downloads
+  # fine — the failure lands precisely on the voice the pt-PT pair needs.
+  #
+  # So: try the supported path, and fall back to fetching the two files
+  # ourselves with the URL percent-encoded, which is all the downloader was
+  # missing. Same host, same files, same destination names.
+  python -m piper.download_voices "${voice}" --data-dir "${data_dir}" || {
+    echo ">> download_voices failed for ${voice}; fetching directly (non-ASCII voice name)"
+    python - "${voice}" "${data_dir}" <<'PY'
+import json, sys, urllib.parse, urllib.request
+
+voice, data_dir = sys.argv[1], sys.argv[2]
+BASE = "https://huggingface.co/rhasspy/piper-voices/resolve/main/"
+
+catalogue = json.load(urllib.request.urlopen(BASE + "voices.json", timeout=120))
+entry = catalogue.get(voice)
+if entry is None:
+    sys.exit(f"no voice named {voice!r} in the catalogue")
+
+# The catalogue keys the files by repo path; only the model and its config are
+# needed to serve (MODEL_CARD is licence text).
+for path in entry["files"]:
+    if not path.endswith((".onnx", ".onnx.json")):
+        continue
+    url = BASE + urllib.parse.quote(path)
+    dest = f"{data_dir}/{path.rsplit('/', 1)[-1]}"
+    print(f">> {url} -> {dest}", flush=True)
+    with urllib.request.urlopen(url, timeout=600) as r, open(dest, "wb") as out:
+        while chunk := r.read(1 << 20):
+            out.write(chunk)
+PY
+  }
 fi
 
 echo ">> serving ${voice} on :${port}"

docker-compose.yml

@@ -46,6 +46,13 @@ services:
       # separate containers; the handler maps language → instance from config.
       TTS_ENDPOINT: http://piper-en:5000
       TTS_ENDPOINT_ZH: http://piper-zh:5000
+      # A language is discovered from the TTS_ENDPOINT_<LANG>/TTS_VOICE_<LANG>
+      # pair, so fr and es cost a service and two lines rather than a code
+      # change. <LANG> is the base tag — an env var name can't hold pt-PT's
+      # hyphen, and there is one Portuguese voice loaded either way.
+      TTS_ENDPOINT_PT: http://piper-pt:5000
+      TTS_ENDPOINT_FR: http://piper-fr:5000
+      TTS_ENDPOINT_ES: http://piper-es:5000
       # The sidecars run piper-tts 1.6.0, which serves synthesis on
       # /synthesize; millenia's older server keeps the default "/".
       TTS_PATH: /synthesize
@@ -75,6 +82,7 @@ services:
     depends_on:
       - piper-en
       - piper-zh
+      - piper-pt
     labels:
       traefik.enable: "true"
       traefik.docker.network: traefik
@@ -91,11 +99,18 @@ services:
       # second password in front of a real login is just one more thing to lose.
       traefik.http.routers.petal.middlewares: compression@file,petal-headers
       traefik.http.services.petal.loadbalancer.server.port: "8080"
-      # Petal is a private writing space: no framing, no sniffing, HSTS on.
-      traefik.http.middlewares.petal-headers.headers.customresponseheaders.Content-Security-Policy: frame-ancestors 'self'
+      # HSTS is the edge's business — it is a statement about the TLS
+      # termination, which happens here and not in the container.
+      #
+      # The Content-Security-Policy that used to sit alongside it has moved into
+      # the app (see securityHeaders in cmd/server/main.go). customresponseheaders
+      # *overwrites*, so a policy set here would silently replace the stricter
+      # one an individual route chooses for itself — which is exactly what the
+      # image store does to keep an uploaded SVG from running as a page. A rule
+      # the edge can quietly undo is not a rule. X-Content-Type-Options and
+      # Referrer-Policy moved with it for the same reason: one place to read,
+      # and no dependence on this file being deployed alongside the binary.
       traefik.http.middlewares.petal-headers.headers.customresponseheaders.Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains
-      traefik.http.middlewares.petal-headers.headers.customresponseheaders.X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
-      traefik.http.middlewares.petal-headers.headers.customresponseheaders.Referrer-Policy: same-origin
 
   piper-en:
     build:
@@ -123,6 +138,65 @@ services:
     networks:
       - internal
 
+  # European Portuguese, for the pt-PT pair. pt_PT-tugão-medium is the *only*
+  # European voice in Piper's catalogue — the other five Portuguese models are
+  # all pt_BR — so the default anyone reaches for is the Brazilian one, exactly
+  # as it was with the Hunspell dictionary in Phase 21. Named here rather than
+  # left to the image default for that reason.
+  piper-pt:
+    build:
+      context: deploy/piper
+    image: petal-piper:local
+    container_name: petal-piper-pt
+    restart: unless-stopped
+    environment:
+      PIPER_VOICE: ${TTS_VOICE_PT:-pt_PT-tugão-medium}
+    volumes:
+      - piper-voices:/voices
+    networks:
+      - internal
+
+  # French, for the fr pair. The opposite situation to Portuguese: every French
+  # voice Piper ships is fr_FR, so there is no wrong country to land on by
+  # default, and the name is plain ASCII so the entrypoint's percent-encoded
+  # fallback (added for tugão) never has to fire. siwis-medium to match the
+  # register of the other three.
+  piper-fr:
+    build:
+      context: deploy/piper
+    image: petal-piper:local
+    container_name: petal-piper-fr
+    restart: unless-stopped
+    environment:
+      PIPER_VOICE: ${TTS_VOICE_FR:-fr_FR-siwis-medium}
+    volumes:
+      - piper-voices:/voices
+    networks:
+      - internal
+
+  # Spanish, for the es pair — and the Portuguese trap rather than the French
+  # one. Piper's catalogue has nine Spanish voices, six of them es_ES, and the
+  # obvious pick (es_ES-davefx-medium, which the build plan itself named) is
+  # peninsular. The es pack is written in neutral Latin American Spanish, so a
+  # Castilian voice would read it aloud in the accent the copy was written to
+  # avoid — the same wrong-country default that pt-PT hit through packaging,
+  # arriving here through the voice list. Only two Latin American voices exist,
+  # es_AR-daniela-high and es_MX; Mexican is the neutral broadcast standard and
+  # ald-medium matches the register of the other four. ASCII, so the
+  # percent-encoded download fallback added for tugão never has to fire.
+  piper-es:
+    build:
+      context: deploy/piper
+    image: petal-piper:local
+    container_name: petal-piper-es
+    restart: unless-stopped
+    environment:
+      PIPER_VOICE: ${TTS_VOICE_ES:-es_MX-ald-medium}
+    volumes:
+      - piper-voices:/voices
+    networks:
+      - internal
+
 networks:
   # Created and owned by the host's Traefik stack.
   traefik:

internal/auth/oidc.go

@@ -129,7 +129,10 @@ func (o *OIDC) Routes() chi.Router {
 	r := chi.NewRouter()
 	r.Get("/login", o.login)
 	r.Get("/callback", o.callback)
-	r.Get("/logout", o.logout)
+	// POST only. Signing out is a state change, and SameSite=Lax deliberately
+	// *does* send the session cookie on a top-level cross-site GET — so a GET
+	// route here means any page on the internet can sign her out mid-draft by
+	// linking to it, or embedding it as an image. Small harm, free to remove.
 	r.Post("/logout", o.logout)
 	return r
 }
@@ -275,8 +278,8 @@ func (o *OIDC) callback(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 // matters: clearing only the cookie leaves a token that still works if it was
 // ever captured.
 func (o *OIDC) logout(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
-	if c, err := r.Cookie(SessionCookie); err == nil && c.Value != "" {
-		if err := o.sessions.Revoke(c.Value); err != nil {
+	if token := SessionToken(r); token != "" {
+		if err := o.sessions.Revoke(token); err != nil {
 			log.Printf("auth: revoke failed: %v", err)
 		}
 	}

internal/auth/oidc_test.go

@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ func TestLoginRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// Signing out revokes server-side, not just in the browser.
 	out := httptest.NewRecorder()
-	flow.ServeHTTP(out, jar.attach(httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/logout", nil)))
+	flow.ServeHTTP(out, jar.attach(httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/logout", nil)))
 	if out.Code != http.StatusFound {
 		t.Fatalf("logout status=%d", out.Code)
 	}
@@ -243,6 +243,19 @@ func TestLoginRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// Signing out is a state change, so it must not be reachable by GET: with
+// SameSite=Lax the session cookie *is* sent on a top-level cross-site
+// navigation, which would let any page on the internet sign her out mid-draft.
+func TestLogoutRejectsGET(t *testing.T) {
+	_, flow, _, _ := newFlow(t, nil)
+
+	out := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	flow.ServeHTTP(out, httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/logout", nil))
+	if out.Code != http.StatusMethodNotAllowed {
+		t.Fatalf("GET /logout status=%d, want 405", out.Code)
+	}
+}
+
 // A callback whose state doesn't match the cookie is a forged one.
 func TestCallbackRejectsBadState(t *testing.T) {
 	idp, flow, sessions, _ := newFlow(t, nil)

internal/auth/pairlang_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,275 @@
+package auth
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"gitea.parodia.dev/drwily/petal/internal/db"
+)
+
+// patchMe drives UpdateMeHandler as the given user would reach it: behind the
+// middleware, which is the only thing that puts an id in the context.
+func patchMe(t *testing.T, users *UserStore, id, body string) *httptest.ResponseRecorder {
+	t.Helper()
+	r := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPatch, "/me", strings.NewReader(body))
+	r = r.WithContext(WithUser(r.Context(), id))
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	users.UpdateMeHandler()(w, r)
+	return w
+}
+
+func TestSetPairLang(t *testing.T) {
+	_, users, _ := newStores(t)
+
+	if err := users.SetPair("bob", "pt-PT", DirectionLearningEn); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("set pt-PT: %v", err)
+	}
+	if u, _ := users.Get("bob"); u.PairLang != "pt-PT" {
+		t.Fatalf("pair_lang = %q, want pt-PT", u.PairLang)
+	}
+
+	// Every pair with a langpack, not just the first one: this list and the
+	// frontend's PACKS are two copies of the same fact, and the day they
+	// disagree is the day she can pick a pair the app cannot render.
+	if err := users.SetPair("bob", "fr", DirectionLearningEn); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("set fr: %v", err)
+	}
+	if u, _ := users.Get("bob"); u.PairLang != "fr" {
+		t.Fatalf("pair_lang = %q, want fr", u.PairLang)
+	}
+
+	if err := users.SetPair("bob", "es", DirectionLearningEn); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("set es: %v", err)
+	}
+	if u, _ := users.Get("bob"); u.PairLang != "es" {
+		t.Fatalf("pair_lang = %q, want es", u.PairLang)
+	}
+
+	// And back — a writer who tries a pair and doesn't like it must be able to
+	// return, which is the whole reason the picker exists.
+	if err := users.SetPair("bob", "zh", DirectionLearningEn); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("set zh: %v", err)
+	}
+	if u, _ := users.Get("bob"); u.PairLang != "zh" {
+		t.Fatalf("pair_lang = %q, want zh", u.PairLang)
+	}
+}
+
+// A pair the frontend has no langpack for must not be storable. Accepting it
+// would leave her looking at Chinese copy with no way back except a lucky guess.
+func TestSetPairLangRejectsUnshippedPairs(t *testing.T) {
+	_, users, _ := newStores(t)
+
+	// The near-misses are the ones that matter, and there are two of them now.
+	// "pt-BR" must not be quietly served European copy and a European voice;
+	// "es-ES" is the same mistake pointing the other way, because the es pack is
+	// deliberately Latin American and reads itself aloud in a Mexican voice. A
+	// regional code Petal has not decided about is refused rather than rounded
+	// to the nearest pack it happens to have.
+	for _, lang := range []string{"es-ES", "pt-BR", "fr-CA", "de", "klingon", "", "  "} {
+		if err := users.SetPair("bob", lang, DirectionLearningEn); err == nil {
+			t.Fatalf("stored unshipped pair %q", lang)
+		}
+	}
+	if u, _ := users.Get("bob"); u.PairLang != "zh" {
+		t.Fatalf("a refused write still moved pair_lang to %q", u.PairLang)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestSetPairLangUnknownUser(t *testing.T) {
+	_, users, _ := newStores(t)
+	if err := users.SetPair("nobody", "pt-PT", DirectionLearningEn); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("set a pair language on an account that does not exist")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUpdateMeHandler(t *testing.T) {
+	_, users, _ := newStores(t)
+
+	w := patchMe(t, users, "bob", `{"pair_lang":"pt-PT"}`)
+	if w.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("status = %d, want 200 (%s)", w.Code, w.Body.String())
+	}
+	// The whole user comes back, so the client can re-read the pair from the
+	// server instead of assuming its request took.
+	var got db.User
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(w.Body.Bytes(), &got); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decode: %v", err)
+	}
+	if got.ID != "bob" || got.PairLang != "pt-PT" {
+		t.Fatalf("response = %+v, want bob on pt-PT", got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestUpdateMeHandlerRejects(t *testing.T) {
+	_, users, _ := newStores(t)
+
+	for name, body := range map[string]string{
+		"unshipped pair":    `{"pair_lang":"es-ES"}`,
+		"unknown direction": `{"direction":"learning_klingon"}`,
+		"not json":          `pt-PT`,
+	} {
+		if w := patchMe(t, users, "bob", body); w.Code != http.StatusBadRequest {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: status = %d, want 400", name, w.Code)
+		}
+	}
+	if u, _ := users.Get("bob"); u.PairLang != "zh" {
+		t.Fatalf("a rejected request still moved pair_lang to %q", u.PairLang)
+	}
+
+	// A caller the middleware never resolved (or whose row is gone) is a lapsed
+	// session, not a bad request — the client turns 401 into the sign-in overlay.
+	if w := patchMe(t, users, "nobody", `{"pair_lang":"pt-PT"}`); w.Code != http.StatusUnauthorized {
+		t.Fatalf("unknown user: status = %d, want 401", w.Code)
+	}
+}
+
+// An empty body used to be a 400, back when pair_lang was the only field and a
+// request that named none of it could only be a client bug. With two optional
+// fields it is an ordinary PATCH that changes nothing, and it has to be: the
+// picker sends one field without knowing the other, and "omitted" has to mean
+// "leave it alone" for that to be safe.
+func TestUpdateMeHandlerEmptyBodyChangesNothing(t *testing.T) {
+	_, users, _ := newStores(t)
+
+	if err := users.SetPair("bob", "zh", DirectionLearningPair); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("set up: %v", err)
+	}
+	w := patchMe(t, users, "bob", `{}`)
+	if w.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("status = %d, want 200 (%s)", w.Code, w.Body.String())
+	}
+	u, _ := users.Get("bob")
+	if u.PairLang != "zh" || u.Direction != DirectionLearningPair {
+		t.Fatalf("empty PATCH moved the account to %q/%q", u.PairLang, u.Direction)
+	}
+}
+
+// The direction axis: an account can be turned around and turned back, and the
+// default every existing row already carries is the one it had before the column
+// existed.
+func TestDirectionRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
+	_, users, _ := newStores(t)
+
+	if u, _ := users.Get("bob"); u.Direction != DirectionLearningEn {
+		t.Fatalf("a fresh account starts at %q, want %q", u.Direction, DirectionLearningEn)
+	}
+
+	w := patchMe(t, users, "bob", `{"direction":"learning_pair"}`)
+	if w.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("turn around: status = %d (%s)", w.Code, w.Body.String())
+	}
+	var got db.User
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(w.Body.Bytes(), &got); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decode: %v", err)
+	}
+	// The response carries the direction, not just the pair — the client reads
+	// its whole state back from here rather than assuming the write took.
+	if got.Direction != DirectionLearningPair || got.PairLang != "zh" {
+		t.Fatalf("response = %+v, want bob learning zh", got)
+	}
+
+	if w := patchMe(t, users, "bob", `{"direction":"learning_en"}`); w.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("turn back: status = %d (%s)", w.Code, w.Body.String())
+	}
+	if u, _ := users.Get("bob"); u.Direction != DirectionLearningEn {
+		t.Fatalf("direction = %q after turning back", u.Direction)
+	}
+}
+
+// The refusal this axis exists to make: a pair with no learner-side data cannot
+// be learned toward, however good its langpack is. fr and es have copy, voices
+// and spelling dictionaries, and no `learner` block in their packs to offer the
+// choice with — so the server keeps saying no until one is written.
+//
+// pt-PT is deliberately no longer in this list; see TestLearnerDirectionForPtPT
+// below and the argument in `learnerPairs`.
+func TestLearnerDirectionRefusedForPairsWithoutData(t *testing.T) {
+	_, users, _ := newStores(t)
+
+	for _, lang := range []string{"fr", "es"} {
+		if err := users.SetPair("bob", lang, DirectionLearningEn); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("set %s: %v", lang, err)
+		}
+		w := patchMe(t, users, "bob", `{"direction":"learning_pair"}`)
+		if w.Code != http.StatusBadRequest {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: status = %d, want 400", lang, w.Code)
+		}
+		if u, _ := users.Get("bob"); u.Direction != DirectionLearningEn {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: a refused write still moved direction to %q", lang, u.Direction)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// The other direction of that same rule, and the one a native English speaker
+// writing Portuguese depends on.
+//
+// This is not only a settings toggle: `direction` is what decides which language
+// Petal *explains* in (see suggestions.targetFor), so an account that cannot
+// reach learning_pair gets its Portuguese annotated in Portuguese with no way to
+// ask for English. Pinned in both directions — the move must take, and it must
+// still be there when the account is read back.
+func TestLearnerDirectionForPtPT(t *testing.T) {
+	_, users, _ := newStores(t)
+
+	if err := users.SetPair("bob", "pt-PT", DirectionLearningEn); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("set pt-PT: %v", err)
+	}
+	if w := patchMe(t, users, "bob", `{"direction":"learning_pair"}`); w.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("status = %d (%s), want 200", w.Code, w.Body.String())
+	}
+	u, _ := users.Get("bob")
+	if u.Direction != DirectionLearningPair || u.PairLang != "pt-PT" {
+		t.Fatalf("account = %+v, want pt-PT learning_pair", u)
+	}
+
+	// And it can be turned back, the same as zh.
+	if w := patchMe(t, users, "bob", `{"direction":"learning_en"}`); w.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("turn back: status = %d (%s)", w.Code, w.Body.String())
+	}
+	if u, _ := users.Get("bob"); u.Direction != DirectionLearningEn {
+		t.Fatalf("direction = %q after turning back", u.Direction)
+	}
+}
+
+// The two-field combination the handler validates as one decision. An account
+// already learning Chinese that asks only to change pair is asking for a state
+// neither field names on its own — French with segmentation — and it must not
+// arrive by leaving one field out.
+func TestPairChangeCannotStrandTheLearnerDirection(t *testing.T) {
+	_, users, _ := newStores(t)
+
+	if err := users.SetPair("bob", "zh", DirectionLearningPair); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("set up: %v", err)
+	}
+	if w := patchMe(t, users, "bob", `{"pair_lang":"fr"}`); w.Code != http.StatusBadRequest {
+		t.Fatalf("status = %d, want 400", w.Code)
+	}
+	u, _ := users.Get("bob")
+	if u.PairLang != "zh" || u.Direction != DirectionLearningPair {
+		t.Fatalf("refused write left the account at %q/%q", u.PairLang, u.Direction)
+	}
+
+	// Naming both at once is how that move is actually made, and it works.
+	if w := patchMe(t, users, "bob", `{"pair_lang":"fr","direction":"learning_en"}`); w.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("both fields: status = %d (%s)", w.Code, w.Body.String())
+	}
+	if u, _ := users.Get("bob"); u.PairLang != "fr" || u.Direction != DirectionLearningEn {
+		t.Fatalf("account = %q/%q, want fr/learning_en", u.PairLang, u.Direction)
+	}
+}
+
+// The CHECK constraint is the last line, below the handler and below SetPair:
+// a direction that reaches the column by any other route is still refused.
+func TestDirectionCheckConstraint(t *testing.T) {
+	_, users, database := newStores(t)
+	if _, err := database.Exec(`UPDATE users SET direction = 'sideways' WHERE id = 'bob'`); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("the users.direction CHECK accepted 'sideways'")
+	}
+	if u, _ := users.Get("bob"); u.Direction != DirectionLearningEn {
+		t.Fatalf("direction = %q after a refused UPDATE", u.Direction)
+	}
+}

internal/auth/session.go

@@ -11,8 +11,31 @@ import (
 	"time"
 )
 
-// SessionCookie is the cookie carrying the opaque session token.
-const SessionCookie = "petal_session"
+// The cookie carrying the opaque session token, in its two spellings.
+//
+// Over https the name takes the __Host- prefix, which is not decoration: the
+// browser will only accept such a cookie if it is Secure, Path=/, and carries
+// no Domain attribute — and, crucially, refuses to let any other host set it.
+// Without the prefix, anything that can write cookies for a sibling name under
+// parodia.dev (another service on the box, a subdomain takeover) can plant a
+// session cookie in her browser that Petal will then read as hers.
+//
+// The prefix is impossible over plain http, because it requires Secure and a
+// browser drops a Secure cookie on an insecure origin. So local development
+// keeps the bare name, and the name in use follows the same `secure` flag the
+// rest of the cookie does.
+const (
+	SessionCookie     = "petal_session"
+	HostSessionCookie = "__Host-petal_session"
+)
+
+// sessionCookieName is the name to *write* under this scheme.
+func sessionCookieName(secure bool) string {
+	if secure {
+		return HostSessionCookie
+	}
+	return SessionCookie
+}
 
 const (
 	// sessionTTL is how long a session lives without use. Thirty days, sliding:
@@ -78,11 +101,28 @@ func (s *SessionStore) Create(userID, userAgent string) (string, error) {
 // Resolve implements [Resolver]: it reads the session cookie, validates it, and
 // returns the user it belongs to — extending the session's life while it does.
 func (s *SessionStore) Resolve(r *http.Request) (string, error) {
-	c, err := r.Cookie(SessionCookie)
-	if err != nil || c.Value == "" {
+	token := SessionToken(r)
+	if token == "" {
 		return "", ErrNoSession
 	}
-	return s.userFor(c.Value)
+	return s.userFor(token)
+}
+
+// SessionToken pulls the raw session token out of a request, preferring the
+// __Host- spelling.
+//
+// Both are read because a deployment that was signing people in before the
+// prefix existed has browsers holding the old name; those sessions stay valid
+// and quietly re-issue under the new name at the next sign-in. The prefixed one
+// wins where both are present, since it is the one another host could not have
+// planted.
+func SessionToken(r *http.Request) string {
+	for _, name := range []string{HostSessionCookie, SessionCookie} {
+		if c, err := r.Cookie(name); err == nil && c.Value != "" {
+			return c.Value
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
 }
 
 // userFor validates a raw token and slides its expiry forward.
@@ -146,7 +186,7 @@ func hashToken(token string) string {
 // browser drop the cookie and silently break local login.
 func SetSessionCookie(w http.ResponseWriter, token string, secure bool) {
 	http.SetCookie(w, &http.Cookie{
-		Name:     SessionCookie,
+		Name:     sessionCookieName(secure),
 		Value:    token,
 		Path:     "/",
 		HttpOnly: true,
@@ -158,9 +198,18 @@ func SetSessionCookie(w http.ResponseWriter, token string, secure bool) {
 
 // ClearSessionCookie expires the session cookie in the browser. The matching
 // server-side row must be revoked separately — that's the half that counts.
+//
+// Both spellings are expired, not just the one currently written: a browser
+// carrying a pre-prefix cookie must not be left holding it after signing out,
+// which is precisely the case where "clear the cookie" is the part the user can
+// see working.
 func ClearSessionCookie(w http.ResponseWriter, secure bool) {
+	for _, name := range []string{HostSessionCookie, SessionCookie} {
+		if name == HostSessionCookie && !secure {
+			continue // the browser would reject a non-Secure __Host- cookie
+		}
 		http.SetCookie(w, &http.Cookie{
-		Name:     SessionCookie,
+			Name:     name,
 			Value:    "",
 			Path:     "/",
 			HttpOnly: true,
@@ -168,4 +217,5 @@ func ClearSessionCookie(w http.ResponseWriter, secure bool) {
 			SameSite: http.SameSiteLaxMode,
 			MaxAge:   -1,
 		})
+	}
 }

internal/auth/session_test.go

@@ -309,3 +309,67 @@ func TestAllowlist(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 	}
 }
+
+// Over https the cookie takes the __Host- prefix, which the browser will only
+// accept from the exact host that set it — closing the door on a sibling
+// service under the same registrable domain planting a session in her browser.
+// Over plain http it cannot: the prefix requires Secure, and a browser drops a
+// Secure cookie on an insecure origin, so local development would silently stop
+// logging in.
+func TestSessionCookieNamePerScheme(t *testing.T) {
+	secure := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	SetSessionCookie(secure, "tok", true)
+	c := secure.Result().Cookies()[0]
+	if c.Name != HostSessionCookie {
+		t.Fatalf("https cookie name=%q, want %q", c.Name, HostSessionCookie)
+	}
+	// The prefix is a promise about these three attributes; a browser rejects
+	// the cookie outright if any is wrong.
+	if !c.Secure || c.Path != "/" || c.Domain != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("__Host- cookie violates its own contract: %+v", c)
+	}
+
+	insecure := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	SetSessionCookie(insecure, "tok", false)
+	if name := insecure.Result().Cookies()[0].Name; name != SessionCookie {
+		t.Fatalf("http cookie name=%q, want %q", name, SessionCookie)
+	}
+}
+
+// A browser holding a cookie issued before the prefix existed must stay signed
+// in — and start using the new name at its next sign-in, not be logged out to
+// get there.
+func TestResolveAcceptsEitherCookieName(t *testing.T) {
+	store, _, _ := newStores(t)
+	token, err := store.Create("bob", "test-agent")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	for _, name := range []string{SessionCookie, HostSessionCookie} {
+		r := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/", nil)
+		r.AddCookie(&http.Cookie{Name: name, Value: token})
+		got, err := store.Resolve(r)
+		if err != nil || got != "bob" {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: resolved to %q (err=%v)", name, got, err)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Signing out must not leave the browser holding either spelling.
+func TestClearSessionCookieExpiresBothNames(t *testing.T) {
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	ClearSessionCookie(rec, true)
+
+	cleared := map[string]bool{}
+	for _, c := range rec.Result().Cookies() {
+		if c.MaxAge < 0 {
+			cleared[c.Name] = true
+		}
+	}
+	for _, name := range []string{SessionCookie, HostSessionCookie} {
+		if !cleared[name] {
+			t.Errorf("%s was left in the browser after signing out", name)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/auth/users.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package auth
 
 import (
 	"database/sql"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
@@ -48,9 +49,9 @@ func (u *UserStore) Upsert(sub, email, displayName string) error {
 func (u *UserStore) Get(id string) (db.User, error) {
 	var user db.User
 	err := u.db.QueryRow(
-		`SELECT id, email, COALESCE(display_name, ''), created_at, pair_lang
+		`SELECT id, email, COALESCE(display_name, ''), created_at, pair_lang, direction
 		   FROM users WHERE id = ?`, id,
-	).Scan(&user.ID, &user.Email, &user.DisplayName, &user.CreatedAt, &user.PairLang)
+	).Scan(&user.ID, &user.Email, &user.DisplayName, &user.CreatedAt, &user.PairLang, &user.Direction)
 	return user, err
 }
 
@@ -68,6 +69,199 @@ func (u *UserStore) MeHandler() http.HandlerFunc {
 	}
 }
 
+// The pairs a writer may actually choose, in the order the picker offers them.
+//
+// This is deliberately *not* internal/llm's list of languages. That one names
+// every pair the prompts know how to talk about, which is a cheap thing to add;
+// this one names the pairs Petal can render itself in, which requires a langpack
+// on the frontend. Accepting a code with no pack would leave her looking at
+// Chinese with no way back except another guess, so the server refuses it. es
+// joined on the day its pack landed, not before.
+//
+// These four are now every pair PairLang names on the frontend, which makes the
+// two lists look redundant. They are not: the next pair will exist in the type
+// and in the prompts long before it has copy, and this list is the one that
+// says a writer may actually be sent there.
+var shippedPairs = []string{"zh", "pt-PT", "fr", "es"}
+
+func pairIsShipped(lang string) bool {
+	for _, p := range shippedPairs {
+		if p == lang {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// The two directions a pair can be travelled in. `DirectionLearningEn` is the
+// original assumption made explicit: the writer is native in X and practising
+// English. `DirectionLearningPair` is the other way round.
+const (
+	DirectionLearningEn   = "learning_en"
+	DirectionLearningPair = "learning_pair"
+)
+
+// The pairs whose *learner* direction Petal can actually serve, which is a
+// narrower thing than a shipped pair and narrower again than a langpack.
+//
+// Turning a pair around needs data no langpack carries: a way to find word
+// boundaries, and a dictionary that reads from the pair language into English. A
+// pair missing either would leave a writer looking at an editor that silently
+// does nothing when she hovers — worse than a missing pack, which at least reads
+// as a bug rather than as an absence. So the server refuses, for the same reason
+// and by the same mechanism as `shippedPairs`.
+//
+// Chinese has both as of Phase 26 (CC-CEDICT + jieba). Portuguese turns out to
+// have both as well, and the original note here — "French, Spanish and
+// Portuguese have neither" — was written one phase too early to see it:
+//
+//   - Word boundaries are spaces. The megabyte word list jieba needs is a
+//     property of a writing system that doesn't use them, not a debt every pair
+//     owes; a Latin-script pair needs nothing loaded to be segmented.
+//   - The dictionary arrived with dict.db, which reads pt→en as readily as
+//     en→pt (see lexicon.dreamProvider.reverse). The reverse lookup the hover
+//     and the word card need is already there and already answering.
+//
+// So the pair a native English speaker learning Portuguese needs is real, and
+// what was actually blocking it was this list. French and Spanish clear the same
+// two bars through the same dict.db; they are held back only by their packs
+// carrying no `learner` copy yet (see Pack.learner), which is a translation
+// question rather than a data one.
+//
+// This list is still expected to grow one pair at a time and never to be
+// inferred: segmentation is a property of a writing system, and there is no rule
+// that derives "has a word list" from a language code.
+var learnerPairs = []string{"zh", "pt-PT"}
+
+// SupportsLearnerDirection reports whether a pair can be turned around.
+func SupportsLearnerDirection(lang string) bool {
+	for _, p := range learnerPairs {
+		if p == lang {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+func directionIsKnown(d string) bool {
+	return d == DirectionLearningEn || d == DirectionLearningPair
+}
+
+// SetPair moves an account to another (English + X) pair, in a given direction.
+//
+// The two are written together because they constrain each other: a direction is
+// only meaningful for a pair that can be travelled in it, and validating them a
+// field at a time would let a two-step change pass through a state that neither
+// step is allowed to leave behind.
+func (u *UserStore) SetPair(id, lang, direction string) error {
+	if !pairIsShipped(lang) {
+		return errors.New("auth: unshipped pair language " + lang)
+	}
+	if !directionIsKnown(direction) {
+		return errors.New("auth: unknown direction " + direction)
+	}
+	if direction == DirectionLearningPair && !SupportsLearnerDirection(lang) {
+		return errors.New("auth: no learner direction for " + lang)
+	}
+	res, err := u.db.Exec(
+		`UPDATE users SET pair_lang = ?, direction = ? WHERE id = ?`, lang, direction, id)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if n, err := res.RowsAffected(); err == nil && n == 0 {
+		return sql.ErrNoRows
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// UpdateMeHandler changes the caller's own settings: which language Petal
+// speaks alongside her English, and which of the two she is learning.
+//
+// It answers with the whole updated user rather than an empty 204 so the client
+// has one shape to trust: /api/me and this return the same thing, and the app
+// re-reads the pair from the response instead of assuming its request took.
+//
+// The pair language reaches further than the UI copy — it picks her Hunspell
+// dictionary, her read-aloud voice, which word-lookup provider answers, and the
+// language the prompts ask the model to explain in. All of those read
+// `users.pair_lang` at use time, so all of them follow from this one write.
+//
+// Both fields are optional and each defaults to what the account already has, so
+// the picker can send one without knowing the other. That matters for the
+// combination this endpoint exists to prevent: a client that sent only
+// `pair_lang: "fr"` while the account sat on `learning_pair` would otherwise ask
+// for French-with-segmentation, which does not exist. Here it is one decision
+// with one validation, and the answer carries whatever actually landed.
+func (u *UserStore) UpdateMeHandler() http.HandlerFunc {
+	return func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+		var body struct {
+			PairLang  *string `json:"pair_lang"`
+			Direction *string `json:"direction"`
+		}
+		if err := json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&body); err != nil {
+			httputil.BadRequest(w, "invalid request body")
+			return
+		}
+		id := UserID(r.Context())
+		current, err := u.Get(id)
+		if err != nil {
+			// Only a missing row means "not signed in". A dictionary-file or
+			// SQLite fault answered as 401 would trip the client's session
+			// interceptor and throw a writer out of an app she is still signed
+			// in to — the same distinction SetPair's error branch makes below.
+			if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
+				httputil.ErrorJSON(w, http.StatusUnauthorized, "not signed in")
+				return
+			}
+			httputil.ServerError(w, err)
+			return
+		}
+
+		lang, direction := current.PairLang, current.Direction
+		if body.PairLang != nil {
+			lang = strings.TrimSpace(*body.PairLang)
+		}
+		if body.Direction != nil {
+			direction = strings.TrimSpace(*body.Direction)
+		}
+
+		if !pairIsShipped(lang) {
+			// Name the ones that work. A writer who lands here has picked from a
+			// stale client, and "not a language" tells her nothing.
+			httputil.BadRequest(w, "unsupported language pair — Petal speaks "+strings.Join(shippedPairs, ", "))
+			return
+		}
+		if !directionIsKnown(direction) {
+			httputil.BadRequest(w, "unknown direction — expected "+DirectionLearningEn+" or "+DirectionLearningPair)
+			return
+		}
+		if direction == DirectionLearningPair && !SupportsLearnerDirection(lang) {
+			// Refused rather than quietly downgraded to learning_en. A silent
+			// downgrade would leave the writer looking at an editor that behaves
+			// like the one she just tried to leave, with nothing to read as an
+			// explanation — and the caller cannot tell the two outcomes apart
+			// without diffing the response it was given.
+			httputil.BadRequest(w, "Petal can only be learned toward "+strings.Join(learnerPairs, ", ")+" so far")
+			return
+		}
+
+		if err := u.SetPair(id, lang, direction); err != nil {
+			if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
+				httputil.ErrorJSON(w, http.StatusUnauthorized, "not signed in")
+				return
+			}
+			httputil.ServerError(w, err)
+			return
+		}
+		user, err := u.Get(id)
+		if err != nil {
+			httputil.ServerError(w, err)
+			return
+		}
+		httputil.WriteJSON(w, http.StatusOK, user)
+	}
+}
+
 // Allowlist decides which of Authentik's users may write in this Petal.
 // Authentik fronts several applications; being a valid user there does not mean
 // being a user here.

internal/config/config.go

@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
 package config
 
 import (
+	"net/url"
 	"os"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
 	"time"
 )
 
@@ -29,10 +32,16 @@ type Config struct {
 	// TTS (read-aloud). Off unless TTSEndpoint is set — when empty, the /api/tts
 	// route isn't mounted and the frontend falls back to the browser's Web Speech
 	// API. Endpoint points at a local Piper HTTP server.
-	TTSEndpoint   string // Piper instance serving the English voice
-	TTSEndpointZH string // Piper instance serving the Chinese voice; empty = zh falls back to Web Speech
-	TTSVoiceEN    string // Piper voice id for English (e.g. en_US-amy-medium)
-	TTSVoiceZH    string // Piper voice id for Chinese (e.g. zh_CN-huayan-medium)
+	TTSEndpoint string // Piper instance serving the English voice; also the on/off switch
+	// TTSVoices is every language Petal can read aloud, keyed by base language
+	// tag ("en", "zh", "pt", …). Each Piper server loads exactly one model, so
+	// a language *is* an instance — and the instances are discovered from the
+	// environment rather than named in this struct: one
+	// TTS_ENDPOINT_<LANG>/TTS_VOICE_<LANG> pair per language, so the fr and es
+	// pairs cost a compose service and two lines of .env rather than a code
+	// change. English keeps the unsuffixed TTS_ENDPOINT/TTS_VOICE_EN it has
+	// always had.
+	TTSVoices map[string]TTSVoice
 	// TTSPath is the path Piper serves synthesis on. Piper moved it from "/" to
 	// "/synthesize" in 1.6.0 with an unchanged request body, so this is a
 	// version knob, not a feature: millenia's older server keeps the default,
@@ -54,6 +63,28 @@ type Config struct {
 	// authenticates — right for a single-household instance, wrong the moment
 	// the IdP serves an audience wider than Petal's.
 	AllowedSubs string
+	// RequireAuth refuses to start when OIDC isn't configured, instead of
+	// falling back to the single local user.
+	//
+	// The fallback is the right behaviour on a laptop and a catastrophe on a
+	// public host: a typo in AUTHENTIK_CLIENT_SECRET turns every anonymous
+	// visitor into the `local` user, with full read and write over someone's
+	// private journals, and says so only in a log line nobody is reading. The
+	// Traefik basic-auth gate that used to stand behind that mistake was
+	// removed when Petal learned to authenticate for itself, so nothing catches
+	// it now.
+	//
+	// Defaulted from BASE_URL rather than declared: a Petal that knows itself by
+	// a real public origin has no business running open, and one on localhost
+	// has no business demanding an IdP. Set PETAL_REQUIRE_AUTH explicitly to
+	// override in either direction.
+	RequireAuth bool
+}
+
+// TTSVoice is one Piper instance and the single voice it has loaded.
+type TTSVoice struct {
+	Endpoint string
+	Voice    string
 }
 
 // AuthEnabled reports whether real logins are configured. When false, Petal
@@ -64,9 +95,10 @@ func (c *Config) AuthEnabled() bool {
 
 // Load reads configuration from the environment, applying sane local-dev defaults.
 func Load() *Config {
+	baseURL := env("BASE_URL", "http://localhost:8080")
 	return &Config{
 		Port:         env("PORT", "8080"),
-		BaseURL:      env("BASE_URL", "http://localhost:8080"),
+		BaseURL:      baseURL,
 		DatabasePath: env("DATABASE_PATH", "./data/petal.db"),
 		ImageDir:     env("IMAGE_DIR", "./data/images"),
 		DictPath:     env("DICT_PATH", "./data/dict.db"),
@@ -78,9 +110,7 @@ func Load() *Config {
 		LLMTimeout:   envDuration("LLM_TIMEOUT", 30*time.Second),
 
 		TTSEndpoint: env("TTS_ENDPOINT", ""),
-		TTSEndpointZH: env("TTS_ENDPOINT_ZH", ""),
-		TTSVoiceEN:    env("TTS_VOICE_EN", "en_US-amy-medium"),
-		TTSVoiceZH:    env("TTS_VOICE_ZH", "zh_CN-huayan-medium"),
+		TTSVoices:   ttsVoices(os.Environ()),
 		TTSPath:     env("TTS_PATH", "/"),
 		TTSCacheDir: env("TTS_CACHE_DIR", "./data/tts"),
 		TTSTimeout:  envDuration("TTS_TIMEOUT", 15*time.Second),
@@ -90,9 +120,84 @@ func Load() *Config {
 		AuthentikClientID:     env("AUTHENTIK_CLIENT_ID", ""),
 		AuthentikClientSecret: env("AUTHENTIK_CLIENT_SECRET", ""),
 		AllowedSubs:           env("PETAL_ALLOWED_SUBS", ""),
+		RequireAuth:           envBool("PETAL_REQUIRE_AUTH", !isLoopbackOrigin(baseURL)),
 	}
 }
 
+// isLoopbackOrigin reports whether a base URL names this machine — the shape a
+// development checkout has, and the only shape where running without a login is
+// a reasonable default. Anything else (a hostname, a public origin) is a
+// deployment, however small.
+func isLoopbackOrigin(baseURL string) bool {
+	u, err := url.Parse(strings.TrimSpace(baseURL))
+	if err != nil {
+		return false
+	}
+	switch strings.ToLower(u.Hostname()) {
+	case "localhost", "127.0.0.1", "::1", "":
+		return true
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// ttsVoices reads the Piper instances out of an environment slice (as returned
+// by os.Environ) into a map keyed by base language tag.
+//
+// English is the unsuffixed pair, TTS_ENDPOINT + TTS_VOICE_EN, because that is
+// what every deployment already sets and read-aloud has always been English
+// first. Every other language is a TTS_ENDPOINT_<LANG>/TTS_VOICE_<LANG> pair,
+// discovered rather than enumerated — TTS_ENDPOINT_ZH is what millenia and the
+// VPS already use, and TTS_ENDPOINT_PT is all the Portuguese pair needs.
+//
+// <LANG> is the *base* tag: an environment variable name cannot hold the hyphen
+// in "pt-PT", and the handler routes on the base tag anyway (a request for
+// pt-PT, pt-BR or bare pt reaches the same instance, because there is only one
+// Portuguese voice loaded). A pair is ignored unless both halves are set: half
+// a configuration should read as "no voice for this language" and fall back to
+// the browser, not as an instance that answers every request with an error.
+func ttsVoices(environ []string) map[string]TTSVoice {
+	vals := make(map[string]string, len(environ))
+	for _, kv := range environ {
+		if k, v, ok := strings.Cut(kv, "="); ok {
+			vals[k] = v
+		}
+	}
+
+	voices := map[string]TTSVoice{}
+	add := func(lang, endpoint, voice string) {
+		endpoint = strings.TrimRight(strings.TrimSpace(endpoint), "/")
+		voice = strings.TrimSpace(voice)
+		if endpoint == "" || voice == "" {
+			return
+		}
+		voices[lang] = TTSVoice{Endpoint: endpoint, Voice: voice}
+	}
+
+	// The two languages that shipped before this was a map keep their voice
+	// defaults, so an existing deployment that names only the endpoints (as
+	// millenia's unit does) sounds exactly as it did.
+	voiceOr := func(key, fallback string) string {
+		if v := strings.TrimSpace(vals[key]); v != "" {
+			return v
+		}
+		return fallback
+	}
+
+	add("en", vals["TTS_ENDPOINT"], voiceOr("TTS_VOICE_EN", "en_US-amy-medium"))
+	for k, endpoint := range vals {
+		suffix, ok := strings.CutPrefix(k, "TTS_ENDPOINT_")
+		if !ok || suffix == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		voice := vals["TTS_VOICE_"+suffix]
+		if suffix == "ZH" {
+			voice = voiceOr("TTS_VOICE_ZH", "zh_CN-huayan-medium")
+		}
+		add(strings.ToLower(suffix), endpoint, voice)
+	}
+	return voices
+}
+
 func env(key, fallback string) string {
 	if v := os.Getenv(key); v != "" {
 		return v
@@ -100,6 +205,18 @@ func env(key, fallback string) string {
 	return fallback
 }
 
+// envBool reads a boolean knob. Anything unparseable keeps the default rather
+// than silently reading as false — a mistyped PETAL_REQUIRE_AUTH must not be the
+// thing that turns the guard off.
+func envBool(key string, fallback bool) bool {
+	if v := strings.TrimSpace(os.Getenv(key)); v != "" {
+		if b, err := strconv.ParseBool(v); err == nil {
+			return b
+		}
+	}
+	return fallback
+}
+
 func envDuration(key string, fallback time.Duration) time.Duration {
 	if v := os.Getenv(key); v != "" {
 		if d, err := time.ParseDuration(v); err == nil {

internal/config/config_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+package config
+
+import "testing"
+
+// The Piper instances are discovered from the environment rather than named in
+// code, so that a new pair costs a compose service and two .env lines. These
+// assert the discovery rule, including the two shapes that already exist in the
+// wild (millenia's systemd unit and the VPS compose file).
+func TestTTSVoicesDiscovery(t *testing.T) {
+	voices := ttsVoices([]string{
+		"TTS_ENDPOINT=http://piper-en:5000",
+		"TTS_VOICE_EN=en_US-amy-medium",
+		"TTS_ENDPOINT_ZH=http://piper-zh:5000/",
+		"TTS_VOICE_ZH=zh_CN-huayan-medium",
+		"TTS_ENDPOINT_PT=http://piper-pt:5000",
+		"TTS_VOICE_PT=pt_PT-tugão-medium",
+		"TTS_ENDPOINT_FR=http://piper-fr:5000",
+		"TTS_VOICE_FR=fr_FR-siwis-medium",
+		"TTS_ENDPOINT_ES=http://piper-es:5000",
+		"TTS_VOICE_ES=es_MX-ald-medium",
+		// Noise that must not become a language.
+		"TTS_PATH=/synthesize",
+		"PATH=/usr/bin",
+	})
+
+	want := map[string]TTSVoice{
+		"en": {"http://piper-en:5000", "en_US-amy-medium"},
+		// The trailing slash is trimmed here so the synthesis path concatenates
+		// cleanly rather than producing a double slash at every call site.
+		"zh": {"http://piper-zh:5000", "zh_CN-huayan-medium"},
+		"pt": {"http://piper-pt:5000", "pt_PT-tugão-medium"},
+		// Phase 24's whole TTS change: a fourth language costs two lines here
+		// and a compose service, and no Go at all.
+		"fr": {"http://piper-fr:5000", "fr_FR-siwis-medium"},
+		// And a fifth cost exactly the same, which is the claim actually being
+		// tested. The voice is Mexican on purpose: the es pack is Latin
+		// American, and es_ES-davefx-medium would read it in the wrong accent.
+		"es": {"http://piper-es:5000", "es_MX-ald-medium"},
+	}
+	if len(voices) != len(want) {
+		t.Fatalf("discovered %v, want %v", voices, want)
+	}
+	for lang, w := range want {
+		if voices[lang] != w {
+			t.Errorf("%s = %+v, want %+v", lang, voices[lang], w)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// Half a configuration is not a language. An endpoint with no voice (or the
+// reverse) must read as "no voice for this language" — a 404 the client answers
+// by falling back to Web Speech — rather than as an instance that exists and
+// errors on every request.
+func TestTTSVoicesIgnoresHalfConfiguredLanguages(t *testing.T) {
+	voices := ttsVoices([]string{
+		"TTS_ENDPOINT=http://piper-en:5000",
+		"TTS_VOICE_EN=en_US-amy-medium",
+		"TTS_ENDPOINT_FR=http://piper-fr:5000", // no TTS_VOICE_FR
+		"TTS_VOICE_ES=es_ES-davefx-medium",     // no TTS_ENDPOINT_ES
+	})
+	if _, ok := voices["fr"]; ok {
+		t.Errorf("fr routed with no voice configured")
+	}
+	if _, ok := voices["es"]; ok {
+		t.Errorf("es routed with no endpoint configured")
+	}
+	if len(voices) != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("discovered %v, want English only", voices)
+	}
+}
+
+// A deployment that predates the map names only the endpoints and relies on the
+// voice defaults; it must sound exactly as it did.
+func TestTTSVoicesKeepsTheOriginalDefaults(t *testing.T) {
+	voices := ttsVoices([]string{
+		"TTS_ENDPOINT=http://127.0.0.1:5005",
+		"TTS_ENDPOINT_ZH=http://127.0.0.1:5006",
+	})
+	if got := voices["en"].Voice; got != "en_US-amy-medium" {
+		t.Errorf("en voice = %q, want the default", got)
+	}
+	if got := voices["zh"].Voice; got != "zh_CN-huayan-medium" {
+		t.Errorf("zh voice = %q, want the default", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// Read-aloud is off when no English instance is configured; nothing else may
+// switch it on. (tts.New gates on TTSEndpoint, so a stray TTS_ENDPOINT_PT with
+// no English sibling must not produce a routable map that outlives that gate.)
+func TestTTSVoicesEmptyWithoutEndpoints(t *testing.T) {
+	if voices := ttsVoices([]string{"TTS_VOICE_EN=en_US-amy-medium"}); len(voices) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("discovered %v, want none", voices)
+	}
+}
+
+// The fallback to the single local user is right on a laptop and a catastrophe
+// on a public host, so it is defaulted from the origin Petal knows itself by
+// rather than left to be remembered.
+func TestRequireAuthDefaultsFromBaseURL(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		baseURL string
+		want    bool
+	}{
+		{"http://localhost:8080", false},
+		{"http://127.0.0.1:8080", false},
+		{"http://[::1]:8080", false},
+		{"", false}, // no BASE_URL set at all: the local-dev default
+		{"https://petal.parodia.dev", true},
+		{"http://petal.parodia.dev", true},
+		{"https://petal.example.com/", true},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		t.Setenv("BASE_URL", c.baseURL)
+		t.Setenv("PETAL_REQUIRE_AUTH", "")
+		if got := Load().RequireAuth; got != c.want {
+			t.Errorf("BASE_URL=%q: RequireAuth=%v, want %v", c.baseURL, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// The default is a default, not a rule: a trusted private network is a real
+// deployment shape, and so is wanting the guard on locally.
+func TestRequireAuthExplicitOverride(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Setenv("BASE_URL", "https://petal.parodia.dev")
+	t.Setenv("PETAL_REQUIRE_AUTH", "false")
+	if Load().RequireAuth {
+		t.Error("an explicit false must be honoured on a public origin")
+	}
+
+	t.Setenv("BASE_URL", "http://localhost:8080")
+	t.Setenv("PETAL_REQUIRE_AUTH", "true")
+	if !Load().RequireAuth {
+		t.Error("an explicit true must be honoured on localhost")
+	}
+
+	// A typo must not be the thing that disables the guard.
+	t.Setenv("BASE_URL", "https://petal.parodia.dev")
+	t.Setenv("PETAL_REQUIRE_AUTH", "nope")
+	if !Load().RequireAuth {
+		t.Error("an unparseable value must keep the default, not read as false")
+	}
+}

internal/db/db.go

@@ -459,6 +459,185 @@ CREATE TABLE personal_words (
     created_at DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
     PRIMARY KEY (user_id, lang, word)
 );
+`,
+		},
+		{
+			// The growth journal reads the suggestions table as a record of what the
+			// writer has been learning, and that reading only works if a row is dated
+			// by *her decision* rather than by the model's proposal. `created_at` is
+			// when a checkpoint offered the edit; a suggestion offered in April and
+			// accepted in June is June's growth, not April's.
+			//
+			// Existing rows are backfilled to created_at — which is exactly the
+			// approximation the journal would have had to make anyway, and is very
+			// nearly right in practice since edits are settled minutes after a
+			// checkpoint. Only pending rows keep a NULL: nothing has been decided.
+			name: "0012_suggestion_resolved_at",
+			stmt: `
+ALTER TABLE suggestions ADD COLUMN resolved_at DATETIME;
+UPDATE suggestions SET resolved_at = created_at WHERE status != 'pending';
+CREATE INDEX idx_suggestions_resolved ON suggestions(status, resolved_at);
+`,
+		},
+		{
+			// Which engine proposed a row. Until now `type` doubled as that answer —
+			// 'mechanics' meant "the offline rule pack found this" and everything else
+			// meant "the model did". That breaks the moment an offline rule proposes a
+			// *collocation*: the miscollocation list (SUGGESTIONS §6) is the same
+			// family, the same rail and the same warm phrasing as the LLM coach, and it
+			// must stay type='collocation' so an accepted chunk still plants in the
+			// garden and still counts in the journal. With type no longer naming the
+			// engine, the two passes could not scope their own DELETEs — the coach
+			// would wipe the offline flags, and the offline pass would leave the
+			// coach's behind to accumulate.
+			//
+			// Existing mechanics rows are local by definition; everything else came
+			// from a model.
+			name: "0013_suggestion_source",
+			stmt: `
+ALTER TABLE suggestions ADD COLUMN source TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'llm';
+UPDATE suggestions SET source = 'local' WHERE type = 'mechanics';
+`,
+		},
+		{
+			// Sentence-level identity, so a re-check stops regenerating the world.
+			// Every pass used to delete its whole family and re-insert it, which
+			// meant accepting one edit gave every other card a new id and a newly
+			// worded explanation — the rail visibly emptied and refilled, and the
+			// model was asked again about sentences nobody had touched.
+			//
+			// `chunk_hash` records which sentence a suggestion belongs to, and
+			// checked_chunks records which sentences a family has already read. A
+			// re-check then asks only about the difference and keeps the rest of
+			// the rows exactly as they are, id and wording included.
+			//
+			// Existing rows get '' — "sentence unknown", which reads as in-play, so
+			// they are simply reconciled on the next pass like any fresh finding.
+			name: "0014_suggestion_chunk_hash",
+			stmt: `
+ALTER TABLE suggestions ADD COLUMN chunk_hash TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT '';
+
+CREATE TABLE checked_chunks (
+    doc_id TEXT NOT NULL REFERENCES documents(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    family TEXT NOT NULL,
+    hash   TEXT NOT NULL,
+    PRIMARY KEY (doc_id, family, hash)
+);
+`,
+		},
+		{
+			// A sentence she wrote in her own language gets its own type. Petal already
+			// detected such spans and already rendered them into English — it just
+			// filed the result under 'clarity', so the pair model's flagship moment
+			// read as tidying up her Chinese. As with 0005 and 0008, the `type` CHECK
+			// can't be ALTERed in place, so rebuild the table with the extended
+			// constraint, copy every row across, and recreate both indexes.
+			//
+			// Existing rows are left on whatever type they have. A card she is already
+			// reading keeps the label she has already read (the same rule reconcile.go
+			// follows for a re-proposed edit); new findings get the new label.
+			name: "0015_translate_suggestion_type",
+			stmt: `
+CREATE TABLE suggestions_new (
+    id           TEXT PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT (lower(hex(randomblob(16)))),
+    doc_id       TEXT NOT NULL REFERENCES documents(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    from_pos     INTEGER NOT NULL,
+    to_pos       INTEGER NOT NULL,
+    original     TEXT NOT NULL,
+    replacement  TEXT NOT NULL,
+    explanation  TEXT NOT NULL,
+    type         TEXT NOT NULL CHECK(type IN ('grammar','phrasing','idiom','clarity','translate','voice','collocation','mechanics')),
+    status       TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'pending' CHECK(status IN ('pending','accepted','rejected')),
+    created_at   DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+    resolved_at  DATETIME,
+    source       TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'llm',
+    chunk_hash   TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
+);
+
+INSERT INTO suggestions_new (id, doc_id, from_pos, to_pos, original, replacement, explanation, type, status, created_at, resolved_at, source, chunk_hash)
+SELECT id, doc_id, from_pos, to_pos, original, replacement, explanation, type, status, created_at, resolved_at, source, chunk_hash FROM suggestions;
+
+DROP TABLE suggestions;
+ALTER TABLE suggestions_new RENAME TO suggestions;
+CREATE INDEX idx_suggestions_doc_id ON suggestions(doc_id);
+CREATE INDEX idx_suggestions_resolved ON suggestions(status, resolved_at);
+`,
+		},
+		{
+			// Which half of the pair is being learned.
+			//
+			// `pair_lang` (0010) has always answered "which two languages", and every
+			// surface built on it assumed the answer to a second question nobody had
+			// asked: that English is the language being *learned*. That assumption is
+			// load-bearing in a dozen places — CJK is deliberately never tokenized,
+			// never spell-checked, never glossed; the prompts explain English in her
+			// language; the vocabulary garden captures English words. All correct for
+			// a Mandarin native practising English, and all backwards for an English
+			// native practising Mandarin.
+			//
+			// A second pair code ('zh-learner') was the cheaper option and is the
+			// wrong shape: it would make the two directions of one pair look like two
+			// unrelated languages to every query, and it would have to be repeated for
+			// fr, es and pt-PT before any of them could turn around. A column keeps
+			// the two questions separate, which is what they are.
+			//
+			// 'learning_en' is the default and is what every existing row means — the
+			// backfill is the DEFAULT itself, and it is right rather than merely
+			// convenient: all three accounts today are Mandarin natives writing
+			// English.
+			name: "0016_user_direction",
+			stmt: `
+ALTER TABLE users ADD COLUMN direction TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'learning_en'
+    CHECK(direction IN ('learning_en','learning_pair'));
+`,
+		},
+		{
+			// Which language this document is written in — 'en' or 'pair'.
+			//
+			// It is stored, rather than recomputed per pass and forgotten, for one
+			// reason: the verdict has hysteresis (see suggestions/doclang.go). A
+			// bilingual document sits between the two thresholds, and "whatever it
+			// was last time" is only an answer if last time was written down. Without
+			// the column a mixed paragraph would alternate its cards' language
+			// between passes.
+			//
+			// 'pair' rather than a language code, deliberately. Which language "pair"
+			// names is the owner's users.pair_lang, so changing her pair re-reads her
+			// documents instead of stranding a stale language name on every one of
+			// them.
+			//
+			// Empty is the backfill and means English: every document that exists
+			// today was written by a Mandarin native practising English, and English
+			// is what every surface assumed before this phase.
+			name: "0017_document_lang",
+			stmt: `
+ALTER TABLE documents ADD COLUMN doc_lang TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
+    CHECK(doc_lang IN ('', 'en', 'pair'));
+`,
+		},
+		{
+			// Which language a garden card is in — the same '' | 'en' | 'pair'
+			// vocabulary as documents.doc_lang, and set from it: a word is captured
+			// (or a phrase planted) out of a document, so the document's verdict is
+			// the card's language. A card with no document keeps '', which reads as
+			// English like every other empty here.
+			//
+			// The garden needed this the moment a document could be written in her
+			// own language. Before Phase 28 every card was English by construction;
+			// now a Portuguese lookup lands beside an English one with nothing to
+			// tell them apart, and two surfaces get it wrong without the tag — the
+			// review card's read-aloud (which would say a Portuguese word in a US
+			// English voice) and the panel, where a mixed garden is illegible.
+			//
+			// Every card is reviewed regardless. Filtering the queue to the half she
+			// is learning was the alternative and is wrong for the writer this is
+			// for: the words she met while writing Portuguese are still words she
+			// met, and a garden that quietly drops them is a garden that stops being
+			// a record of her reading.
+			name: "0018_vocab_lang",
+			stmt: `
+ALTER TABLE vocab_words ADD COLUMN lang TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
+    CHECK(lang IN ('', 'en', 'pair'));
 `,
 		},
 	}

internal/db/db_test.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package db
 import (
 	"path/filepath"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 )
 
 func TestOpenMigratesAndSeeds(t *testing.T) {
@@ -83,3 +84,283 @@ func TestOpenMigratesAndSeeds(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("expected exactly 1 local user after reopen, got %d", users)
 	}
 }
+
+// TestResolvedAtBackfill runs migration 0012 against a database that predates
+// it, which is the only shape that matters: on the live box the suggestions
+// table is years of settled edits with no resolved_at to their name. Backfilling
+// to created_at is exactly the approximation the growth journal would otherwise
+// have had to make, and a pending row must stay NULL — nothing has been decided.
+func TestResolvedAtBackfill(t *testing.T) {
+	path := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "old.db")
+	d, err := Open(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("open: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Rewind to the state before 0012: drop the column and forget the migration.
+	if _, err := d.Exec(`DROP INDEX idx_suggestions_resolved`); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("rewind index: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := d.Exec(`ALTER TABLE suggestions DROP COLUMN resolved_at`); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("rewind schema: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := d.Exec(`DELETE FROM schema_migrations WHERE name = '0012_suggestion_resolved_at'`); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("rewind migration record: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := d.Exec(`INSERT INTO documents (id, user_id) VALUES ('d1', ?)`, LocalUserID); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("insert document: %v", err)
+	}
+	for _, s := range []struct{ id, status string }{
+		{"s-old", "accepted"},
+		{"s-open", "pending"},
+	} {
+		if _, err := d.Exec(
+			`INSERT INTO suggestions (id, doc_id, from_pos, to_pos, original, replacement, explanation, type, status, created_at)
+			 VALUES (?, 'd1', 0, 3, 'teh', 'the', 'x', 'grammar', ?, '2026-01-02 03:04:05')`,
+			s.id, s.status,
+		); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("seed %s: %v", s.id, err)
+		}
+	}
+	d.Close()
+
+	d2, err := Open(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("reopen (migrate): %v", err)
+	}
+	defer d2.Close()
+
+	// Compared against created_at read back the same way: the driver renders a
+	// DATETIME column itself, so the assertion is "the same instant", not a
+	// particular text format.
+	var settled, created *string
+	if err := d2.QueryRow(
+		`SELECT resolved_at, created_at FROM suggestions WHERE id = 's-old'`,
+	).Scan(&settled, &created); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read settled row: %v", err)
+	}
+	if settled == nil || created == nil || *settled != *created {
+		t.Errorf("resolved_at = %v, want it backfilled from created_at (%v)", settled, created)
+	}
+
+	var pending *string
+	if err := d2.QueryRow(`SELECT resolved_at FROM suggestions WHERE id = 's-open'`).Scan(&pending); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read pending row: %v", err)
+	}
+	if pending != nil {
+		t.Errorf("pending row got resolved_at = %v, want NULL — nothing was decided", *pending)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSuggestionSourceBackfill runs migration 0013 against a database that
+// predates it — the shape the live box is actually in. `source` is the column
+// that lets the offline rule pack and the model share the collocation family
+// without deleting each other's rows, and it can only do that if the existing
+// rows are labelled correctly on the way in: everything the old deterministic
+// pass wrote is local, and everything else came from a model.
+func TestSuggestionSourceBackfill(t *testing.T) {
+	path := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "old.db")
+	d, err := Open(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("open: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Rewind to the state before 0013.
+	if _, err := d.Exec(`ALTER TABLE suggestions DROP COLUMN source`); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("rewind schema: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := d.Exec(`DELETE FROM schema_migrations WHERE name = '0013_suggestion_source'`); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("rewind migration record: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := d.Exec(`INSERT INTO documents (id, user_id) VALUES ('d1', ?)`, LocalUserID); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("insert document: %v", err)
+	}
+	for _, s := range []struct{ id, typ string }{
+		{"s-mech", SuggestionTypeMechanics},
+		{"s-gram", SuggestionTypeGrammar},
+		{"s-coll", SuggestionTypeCollocation},
+	} {
+		if _, err := d.Exec(
+			`INSERT INTO suggestions (id, doc_id, from_pos, to_pos, original, replacement, explanation, type)
+			 VALUES (?, 'd1', 0, 3, 'teh', 'the', 'x', ?)`,
+			s.id, s.typ,
+		); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("seed %s: %v", s.id, err)
+		}
+	}
+	d.Close()
+
+	d2, err := Open(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("reopen (migrate): %v", err)
+	}
+	defer d2.Close()
+
+	// A pre-0013 collocation row can only have come from the coach — the offline
+	// miscollocation list did not exist yet — so it must NOT be claimed as local.
+	for id, want := range map[string]string{
+		"s-mech": SuggestionSourceLocal,
+		"s-gram": SuggestionSourceLLM,
+		"s-coll": SuggestionSourceLLM,
+	} {
+		var got string
+		if err := d2.QueryRow(`SELECT source FROM suggestions WHERE id = ?`, id).Scan(&got); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("read %s: %v", id, err)
+		}
+		if got != want {
+			t.Errorf("%s: source = %q, want %q", id, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// And a row written after the migration defaults to the model, so a code path
+	// that forgets to name a source can never silently claim to be offline.
+	if _, err := d2.Exec(
+		`INSERT INTO suggestions (id, doc_id, from_pos, to_pos, original, replacement, explanation, type)
+		 VALUES ('s-new', 'd1', 0, 3, 'teh', 'the', 'x', 'grammar')`,
+	); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("insert new row: %v", err)
+	}
+	var fresh string
+	if err := d2.QueryRow(`SELECT source FROM suggestions WHERE id = 's-new'`).Scan(&fresh); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read new row: %v", err)
+	}
+	if fresh != SuggestionSourceLLM {
+		t.Errorf("default source = %q, want %q", fresh, SuggestionSourceLLM)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestTranslateTypeMigrationPreservesRows runs migration 0015 against a database
+// that predates it. Unlike the two backfills above, 0015 *rebuilds the table* —
+// SQLite can't ALTER a CHECK constraint — so it copies every row across by hand,
+// and a column left out of that copy list silently loses her data. Every test
+// elsewhere starts from a fresh database and would never notice; the live box has
+// years of rows in it.
+func TestTranslateTypeMigrationPreservesRows(t *testing.T) {
+	path := filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "old.db")
+	d, err := Open(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("open: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Rewind to the pre-0015 table: the same shape, minus 'translate' in the CHECK.
+	if _, err := d.Exec(`
+CREATE TABLE suggestions_old (
+    id           TEXT PRIMARY KEY DEFAULT (lower(hex(randomblob(16)))),
+    doc_id       TEXT NOT NULL REFERENCES documents(id) ON DELETE CASCADE,
+    from_pos     INTEGER NOT NULL,
+    to_pos       INTEGER NOT NULL,
+    original     TEXT NOT NULL,
+    replacement  TEXT NOT NULL,
+    explanation  TEXT NOT NULL,
+    type         TEXT NOT NULL CHECK(type IN ('grammar','phrasing','idiom','clarity','voice','collocation','mechanics')),
+    status       TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'pending' CHECK(status IN ('pending','accepted','rejected')),
+    created_at   DATETIME DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
+    resolved_at  DATETIME,
+    source       TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT 'llm',
+    chunk_hash   TEXT NOT NULL DEFAULT ''
+);
+DROP TABLE suggestions;
+ALTER TABLE suggestions_old RENAME TO suggestions;
+CREATE INDEX idx_suggestions_doc_id ON suggestions(doc_id);
+CREATE INDEX idx_suggestions_resolved ON suggestions(status, resolved_at);
+DELETE FROM schema_migrations WHERE name = '0015_translate_suggestion_type';
+`); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("rewind schema: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if _, err := d.Exec(`INSERT INTO documents (id, user_id) VALUES ('d1', ?)`, LocalUserID); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("insert document: %v", err)
+	}
+	// One row with every column carrying a distinguishable value, so a dropped
+	// column shows up as a changed value rather than as a passing test.
+	if _, err := d.Exec(
+		`INSERT INTO suggestions (id, doc_id, from_pos, to_pos, original, replacement, explanation, type, status, created_at, resolved_at, source, chunk_hash)
+		 VALUES ('s-1', 'd1', 7, 11, 'by foots', 'on foot', 'idiom advice she has read', 'idiom', 'accepted', '2026-01-02 03:04:05', '2026-01-02 03:05:00', 'local', 'abc123')`,
+	); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("seed row: %v", err)
+	}
+	d.Close()
+
+	d2, err := Open(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("reopen (migrate): %v", err)
+	}
+	defer d2.Close()
+
+	var (
+		docID, original, replacement, explanation string
+		typ, status, source, chunkHash            string
+		from, to                                  int
+		// Scanned as instants, not strings: the driver renders a DATETIME column in
+		// its own format, so the claim is "the same moment", not the same text.
+		createdAt, resolvedAt time.Time
+	)
+	if err := d2.QueryRow(
+		`SELECT doc_id, from_pos, to_pos, original, replacement, explanation, type, status, created_at, resolved_at, source, chunk_hash
+		   FROM suggestions WHERE id = 's-1'`,
+	).Scan(&docID, &from, &to, &original, &replacement, &explanation,
+		&typ, &status, &createdAt, &resolvedAt, &source, &chunkHash); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read migrated row: %v", err)
+	}
+	for _, c := range []struct{ name, got, want string }{
+		{"doc_id", docID, "d1"},
+		{"original", original, "by foots"},
+		{"replacement", replacement, "on foot"},
+		{"explanation", explanation, "idiom advice she has read"},
+		{"type", typ, SuggestionTypeIdiom},
+		{"status", status, SuggestionStatusAccepted},
+		{"source", source, SuggestionSourceLocal},
+		{"chunk_hash", chunkHash, "abc123"},
+	} {
+		if c.got != c.want {
+			t.Errorf("%s = %q, want %q", c.name, c.got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+	if from != 7 || to != 11 {
+		t.Errorf("offsets = (%d, %d), want (7, 11)", from, to)
+	}
+	// created_at and resolved_at must survive: the rail's arrival chime keys on
+	// created_at, and the growth journal counts by resolved_at. A rebuild that
+	// reset either would re-chime her whole document and rewrite her history.
+	for _, c := range []struct {
+		name string
+		got  time.Time
+		want string
+	}{
+		{"created_at", createdAt, "2026-01-02 03:04:05"},
+		{"resolved_at", resolvedAt, "2026-01-02 03:05:00"},
+	} {
+		want, err := time.Parse("2006-01-02 15:04:05", c.want)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("parse want: %v", err)
+		}
+		if !c.got.Equal(want) {
+			t.Errorf("%s = %v, want the original instant %v", c.name, c.got, want)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// The point of the rebuild: the new type is now insertable, and a bogus one
+	// still isn't.
+	if _, err := d2.Exec(
+		`INSERT INTO suggestions (id, doc_id, from_pos, to_pos, original, replacement, explanation, type)
+		 VALUES ('s-2', 'd1', 0, 3, '苹果', 'apple', 'x', ?)`, SuggestionTypeTranslate,
+	); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("insert translate row: %v", err)
+	}
+	if _, err := d2.Exec(
+		`INSERT INTO suggestions (id, doc_id, from_pos, to_pos, original, replacement, explanation, type)
+		 VALUES ('s-3', 'd1', 0, 3, 'x', 'y', 'x', 'nonsense')`,
+	); err == nil {
+		t.Error("CHECK constraint accepted an unknown type after the rebuild")
+	}
+
+	// Both indexes must come back, or every document load starts table-scanning.
+	for _, idx := range []string{"idx_suggestions_doc_id", "idx_suggestions_resolved"} {
+		var name string
+		if err := d2.QueryRow(
+			`SELECT name FROM sqlite_master WHERE type = 'index' AND name = ?`, idx,
+		).Scan(&name); err != nil {
+			t.Errorf("index %s missing after rebuild: %v", idx, err)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/db/models.go

@@ -15,6 +15,19 @@ type User struct {
 	// today, "pt-PT"/"fr"/"es" once the langpacks land. It selects the UI copy
 	// and dictionary set, not the language they may type in.
 	PairLang string `json:"pair_lang"`
+
+	// Direction says which half of the pair is being *learned*. Every pair until
+	// now assumed one answer: the writer is native in X and practising English,
+	// so hanzi is never tokenized and English is what gets underlined. Turn it
+	// around — a native English speaker learning Chinese — and the same pair
+	// wants the opposite of nearly every default.
+	//
+	// It is a separate column from PairLang rather than a second pair code
+	// ("zh-learner") because it is a genuinely separate question: the pair says
+	// *which two languages*, this says *which way round*. Keeping them apart is
+	// what lets fr, es and pt-PT inherit the learner direction later without a
+	// second langpack each.
+	Direction string `json:"direction"`
 }
 
 // Document is a single piece of writing. `Content` is the Tiptap JSON document
@@ -28,6 +41,11 @@ type Document struct {
 	ContentText string `json:"content_text"` // plain text for the LLM
 	Tone        string `json:"tone"`         // target writing tone; steers LLM advice
 	WordCount   int    `json:"word_count"`
+	// DocLang is which language this document is written in — '' | 'en' | 'pair'
+	// (migration 0017), written by the checkpoint pass and never by the client.
+	// It reaches the client read-only, for the one decision the client has to
+	// make on its own: which voice reads a selection aloud. '' means English.
+	DocLang   string    `json:"doc_lang"`
 	CreatedAt time.Time `json:"created_at"`
 	UpdatedAt time.Time `json:"updated_at"`
 
@@ -104,8 +122,12 @@ type Suggestion struct {
 	Original    string `json:"original"`
 	Replacement string `json:"replacement"`
 	Explanation string `json:"explanation"`
-	Type        string    `json:"type"`   // grammar | phrasing | idiom | clarity | voice | collocation
+	Type        string `json:"type"`   // grammar | phrasing | idiom | clarity | translate | voice | collocation
 	Status      string `json:"status"` // pending | accepted | rejected
+	// Source names the engine that proposed the edit, not its family: an offline
+	// rule and the model can both propose a collocation, and the writer is never
+	// told which one spoke. It exists so each pass can replace its own rows.
+	Source    string    `json:"source"` // llm | local
 	CreatedAt time.Time `json:"created_at"`
 }
 
@@ -115,10 +137,23 @@ const (
 	SuggestionTypePhrasing = "phrasing"
 	SuggestionTypeIdiom    = "idiom"
 	SuggestionTypeClarity  = "clarity"
+	// A span she wrote in her own language, rendered into English. Not a
+	// correction — nothing was wrong with it — which is why it is its own type
+	// rather than a clarity fix: the card is the pair model's flagship moment
+	// (SUGGESTIONS §1), and labelling it "Clarity" reads as a tidy-up of her
+	// first language. The model isn't asked for this label; it is derived from the
+	// span itself (see suggestions/language.go), so it can't drift.
+	SuggestionTypeTranslate   = "translate"
 	SuggestionTypeVoice       = "voice"
 	SuggestionTypeCollocation = "collocation"
 	SuggestionTypeMechanics   = "mechanics" // deterministic rule-based pass (no LLM)
 
+	// Who proposed it. The offline rule pack ('local') runs on every edit inside
+	// the browser and survives a VPN-down box; the model ('llm') adds the long
+	// tail when it is reachable.
+	SuggestionSourceLLM   = "llm"
+	SuggestionSourceLocal = "local"
+
 	SuggestionStatusPending  = "pending"
 	SuggestionStatusAccepted = "accepted"
 	SuggestionStatusRejected = "rejected"

internal/docs/export.go

@@ -287,7 +287,14 @@ func mdBlock(n pmNode, depth int) string {
 		return "---"
 	case "image":
 		alt := n.attrStr("alt")
-		return fmt.Sprintf("![%s](%s)", alt, n.attrStr("src"))
+		src := safeURL(n.attrStr("src"))
+		if src == "" {
+			// Nowhere safe to point. Keep the alt text as plain prose — it is
+			// the part that carries meaning — rather than emitting an image
+			// whose destination was rejected. See safeURL.
+			return alt
+		}
+		return fmt.Sprintf("![%s](%s)", alt, src)
 	case "table":
 		return mdTable(n)
 	case "bulletList", "orderedList":
@@ -396,7 +403,9 @@ func applyMdMarks(n pmNode) string {
 	if n.hasMark("underline") {
 		t = "<u>" + t + "</u>"
 	}
-	if href := n.markAttr("link", "href"); href != "" {
+	// Same rule as the HTML export: plenty of Markdown renderers pass a
+	// `javascript:` destination straight through into an <a href>. See safeURL.
+	if href := safeURL(n.markAttr("link", "href")); href != "" {
 		t = "[" + t + "](" + href + ")"
 	}
 	return t
@@ -518,7 +527,16 @@ func htmlBlock(n pmNode) string {
 		return "<hr>\n"
 	case "image":
 		alt := htmlEscape(n.attrStr("alt"))
-		return fmt.Sprintf("<p><img src=\"%s\" alt=\"%s\"></p>\n", htmlEscape(n.attrStr("src")), alt)
+		src := safeURL(n.attrStr("src"))
+		if src == "" {
+			// Nowhere safe to point: keep the alt text, which is the part that
+			// carries meaning, rather than emitting a broken image.
+			if alt == "" {
+				return ""
+			}
+			return "<p>" + alt + "</p>\n"
+		}
+		return fmt.Sprintf("<p><img src=\"%s\" alt=\"%s\"></p>\n", htmlEscape(src), alt)
 	case "table":
 		return htmlTable(n)
 	case "bulletList", "orderedList":
@@ -617,7 +635,9 @@ func applyHTMLMarks(n pmNode) string {
 	if n.hasMark("highlight") {
 		t = "<mark>" + t + "</mark>"
 	}
-	if href := n.markAttr("link", "href"); href != "" {
+	// An unsafe href is dropped, not the link: the words stay, they just stop
+	// being clickable. See safeURL.
+	if href := safeURL(n.markAttr("link", "href")); href != "" {
 		t = fmt.Sprintf("<a href=\"%s\">%s</a>", htmlEscape(href), t)
 	}
 	return t
@@ -858,6 +878,53 @@ func htmlEscape(s string) string {
 	return r.Replace(s)
 }
 
+// safeURLSchemes are the schemes an exported document may point at. Escaping
+// makes a URL safe to sit inside an attribute; it says nothing about what
+// happens when the attribute is followed, and `javascript:` survives it
+// untouched.
+//
+// The toolbar can't produce one — it prefixes anything it doesn't recognise
+// with https:// — but the toolbar is not the only way in: PUT /api/docs/{id}
+// stores whatever Tiptap JSON it is given. And an export is the one artifact
+// here that is *meant* to leave: the passport and the .html backup are files a
+// writer hands to a teacher or an editor, opened on a machine that has no
+// reason to trust them. A link that runs code when clicked is not something to
+// ship inside one.
+//
+// Relative and fragment links pass through: they're how a document refers to
+// its own headings, and they can't reach anything.
+var safeURLSchemes = map[string]bool{
+	"http": true, "https": true, "mailto": true, "tel": true, "ftp": true,
+}
+
+// safeURL returns u if it is safe to follow from an exported file, and "" if it
+// isn't. A dropped href leaves the link text in place — the reader loses a
+// destination, never the writing.
+func safeURL(u string) string {
+	trimmed := strings.TrimSpace(u)
+	if trimmed == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	// A scheme is everything before the first ':', but only when no '/', '?' or
+	// '#' comes first — otherwise "notes/a:b" would read as the "notes/a" scheme.
+	// Nothing before a colon means a relative or fragment link, which is fine.
+	if i := strings.IndexAny(trimmed, ":/?#"); i >= 0 && trimmed[i] == ':' {
+		// Control characters and whitespace are stripped by browsers *before*
+		// the scheme is read, so "java\nscript:" is javascript:. Fold them out
+		// before deciding rather than after.
+		scheme := strings.Map(func(r rune) rune {
+			if r <= ' ' || r == 0x7f {
+				return -1
+			}
+			return r
+		}, trimmed[:i])
+		if !safeURLSchemes[strings.ToLower(scheme)] {
+			return ""
+		}
+	}
+	return trimmed
+}
+
 func xmlEscape(s string) string {
 	r := strings.NewReplacer("&", "&amp;", "<", "&lt;", ">", "&gt;", `"`, "&quot;")
 	return r.Replace(s)

internal/docs/export_test.go

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ import (
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
+
+	"gitea.parodia.dev/drwily/petal/internal/db"
 )
 
 // richDocJSON is a Tiptap document exercising headings, marks, and a list —
@@ -243,3 +245,73 @@ func TestExportUnsupportedFormat(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("expected 400 for unsupported format, got %d", rec.Code)
 	}
 }
+
+// Escaping makes a URL safe to sit inside an attribute; it says nothing about
+// what happens when the attribute is followed. An export is the one artifact
+// here meant to leave — the file handed to a teacher, opened on a machine with
+// no reason to trust it — so a destination that runs code is dropped.
+func TestExportDropsUnsafeLinkSchemes(t *testing.T) {
+	unsafe := []string{
+		"javascript:alert(1)",
+		"JaVaScRiPt:alert(1)",
+		"java\nscript:alert(1)", // browsers strip control characters first
+		"  javascript:alert(1)",
+		"data:text/html;base64,PHNjcmlwdD5hbGVydCgxKTwvc2NyaXB0Pg==",
+		"vbscript:msgbox(1)",
+	}
+	for _, href := range unsafe {
+		if got := safeURL(href); got != "" {
+			t.Errorf("safeURL(%q) = %q, want it dropped", href, got)
+		}
+	}
+
+	safe := []string{
+		"https://example.com/a?b=1#c",
+		"http://example.com",
+		"mailto:her@example.com",
+		"/api/images/abc.png",
+		"#a-heading",
+		"notes/chapter:one.md", // a colon that isn't a scheme
+	}
+	for _, href := range safe {
+		if got := safeURL(href); got != href {
+			t.Errorf("safeURL(%q) = %q, want it kept", href, got)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// End to end through the renderers: an unsafe href loses its destination, never
+// its words.
+func TestRenderedExportsCarryNoScriptURLs(t *testing.T) {
+	doc := db.Document{
+		Title: "Notes",
+		Content: `{"type":"doc","content":[{"type":"paragraph","content":[
+			{"type":"text","text":"click me","marks":[{"type":"link","attrs":{"href":"javascript:alert(1)"}}]}]},
+			{"type":"image","attrs":{"src":"javascript:alert(2)","alt":"a drawing"}}]}`,
+	}
+
+	html, err := renderHTMLFile(doc)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(string(html)), "javascript:") {
+		t.Fatalf("html export carried a javascript: URL:\n%s", html)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(string(html), "click me") {
+		t.Fatal("html export dropped the link text along with the href")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(string(html), "a drawing") {
+		t.Fatal("html export dropped the alt text of the rejected image")
+	}
+
+	md, err := renderMarkdown(doc)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(strings.ToLower(string(md)), "javascript:") {
+		t.Fatalf("markdown export carried a javascript: URL:\n%s", md)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(string(md), "click me") {
+		t.Fatal("markdown export dropped the link text along with the href")
+	}
+}

internal/docs/handlers.go

@@ -225,13 +225,14 @@ func (h *Handler) fetch(userID, id string) (db.Document, error) {
 	var doc db.Document
 	err := h.DB.QueryRow(
 		`SELECT id, user_id, title, content, content_text, tone, word_count,
-		        created_at, updated_at, preserve_history
+		        created_at, updated_at, preserve_history, doc_lang
 		   FROM documents
 		  WHERE id = ? AND user_id = ?`,
 		id, userID,
 	).Scan(
 		&doc.ID, &doc.UserID, &doc.Title, &doc.Content, &doc.ContentText,
 		&doc.Tone, &doc.WordCount, &doc.CreatedAt, &doc.UpdatedAt, &doc.PreserveHistory,
+		&doc.DocLang,
 	)
 	return doc, err
 }

internal/httputil/json.go

@@ -35,3 +35,18 @@ func ServerError(w http.ResponseWriter, err error) {
 	log.Printf("internal error: %v", err)
 	ErrorJSON(w, http.StatusInternalServerError, "something went wrong")
 }
+
+// UpstreamError is ServerError's counterpart for a dependency Petal calls out
+// to — the model, chiefly. Same discipline, and for a sharper reason: a dial
+// failure's error text contains the endpoint it failed to dial, so relaying it
+// hands anyone who can reach Petal the address of the inference box on the far
+// side of the VPN, along with which backend is running there.
+//
+// `what` names the pass for the operator's log ("checkpoint", "chat"). The
+// browser is told only that the helper is unreachable, which is all the client
+// ever did anything with: every LLM route's 502 renders as the same warm
+// "小助手在休息 · Petal's helper is resting".
+func UpstreamError(w http.ResponseWriter, what string, err error) {
+	log.Printf("upstream error (%s): %v", what, err)
+	ErrorJSON(w, http.StatusBadGateway, "Petal's helper is out of reach right now")
+}

internal/images/handler.go

@@ -37,6 +37,17 @@ import (
 // small enough to keep a careless paste from filling the disk.
 const maxUploadBytes = 10 << 20
 
+// maxUserBytes caps what one account may keep stored, at 1 GiB. The per-upload
+// limit bounds a single careless paste; nothing bounded ten thousand of them,
+// and Petal's data directory is an 8 GiB encrypted volume shared with the
+// database, the backups and the TTS cache — the disk filling is the database
+// losing writes, not just images failing.
+//
+// A tenth of the volume per writer is far past any real use: a heavily
+// illustrated journal is tens of megabytes. It is a runaway backstop, and it is
+// deliberately generous enough that nobody writing normally will ever meet it.
+const maxUserBytes = 1 << 30
+
 // extByContentType maps the image types we accept to a canonical extension. The
 // allowlist doubles as validation: anything not here is rejected.
 var extByContentType = map[string]string{
@@ -177,6 +188,19 @@ func (h *Handler) upload(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	name := hex.EncodeToString(sum[:])[:32] + ext
 	path := filepath.Join(h.dir, name)
 
+	userID := auth.UserID(r.Context())
+	within, err := h.withinQuota(userID, name, int64(len(data)))
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Printf("images: quota check failed for %s: %v", userID, err)
+		http.Error(w, "could not store image", http.StatusInternalServerError)
+		return
+	}
+	if !within {
+		http.Error(w, "you've filled Petal's picture store — delete a few images and try again",
+			http.StatusInsufficientStorage)
+		return
+	}
+
 	// Skip the write if this exact content is already stored.
 	if _, statErr := os.Stat(path); errors.Is(statErr, os.ErrNotExist) {
 		if err := os.WriteFile(path, data, 0o644); err != nil {
@@ -190,7 +214,7 @@ func (h *Handler) upload(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	if _, err := h.db.Exec(
 		`INSERT INTO images (name, user_id, content_type, size) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?)
 		 ON CONFLICT (name, user_id) DO NOTHING`,
-		name, auth.UserID(r.Context()), ct, len(data),
+		name, userID, ct, len(data),
 	); err != nil {
 		log.Printf("images: could not record ownership of %s: %v", name, err)
 		http.Error(w, "could not store image", http.StatusInternalServerError)
@@ -221,6 +245,20 @@ func (h *Handler) serve(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	}
 	// Private: a shared cache must never hand one writer's image to another.
 	w.Header().Set("Cache-Control", "private, max-age=31536000, immutable")
+
+	// SVG is a document format wearing an image's name: it can carry <script>,
+	// and this route serves it from Petal's own origin. Rendered through an
+	// <img> — the only way the editor ever shows one — that script never runs.
+	// Navigated to directly, which is one "open image in new tab" away, it does,
+	// and it runs with the API of whoever opened it.
+	//
+	// So every stored image answers with a CSP that permits nothing at all
+	// except the inline styles an illustration legitimately carries. It costs
+	// pasted SVGs nothing (an <img> was already a script-free context) and
+	// leaves the direct-navigation case inert. nosniff is set at the edge, but
+	// repeated here so the guarantee doesn't depend on Traefik's config.
+	w.Header().Set("Content-Security-Policy", "default-src 'none'; style-src 'unsafe-inline'; sandbox")
+	w.Header().Set("X-Content-Type-Options", "nosniff")
 	http.ServeFile(w, r, path)
 }
 
@@ -261,6 +299,29 @@ func (h *Handler) remove(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent)
 }
 
+// withinQuota reports whether userID may store one more image of size bytes.
+//
+// An image the caller already owns is free: content addressing means re-pasting
+// the same picture stores nothing new, and charging for it would let a document
+// that merely repeats one illustration walk into the limit. Deduplication
+// across *accounts* is not credited the same way — two people each keep their
+// own claim on a shared file, because either of them deleting it must not
+// depend on what the other did.
+func (h *Handler) withinQuota(userID, name string, size int64) (bool, error) {
+	var used, already sql.NullInt64
+	if err := h.db.QueryRow(
+		`SELECT (SELECT COALESCE(SUM(size), 0) FROM images WHERE user_id = ?),
+		        (SELECT size FROM images WHERE user_id = ? AND name = ?)`,
+		userID, userID, name,
+	).Scan(&used, &already); err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	if already.Valid {
+		return true, nil // already stored for this account — costs nothing more
+	}
+	return used.Int64+size <= maxUserBytes, nil
+}
+
 // owns reports whether userID has a claim on a stored image.
 func (h *Handler) owns(name, userID string) bool {
 	var ok bool

internal/images/handler_test.go

@@ -240,3 +240,85 @@ func TestServeMissing(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("expected 404, got %d", rec.Code)
 	}
 }
+
+// An SVG is a document, not a picture: it can carry <script>, and this route
+// serves it from Petal's own origin. Rendered through an <img> that script
+// never runs, but "open image in new tab" is one click away, and there it
+// would — with the API of whoever opened it. Every stored image therefore
+// answers with a CSP that permits nothing.
+func TestStoredImagesAreServedInert(t *testing.T) {
+	_, alice, _ := newStore(t)
+
+	svg := []byte(`<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><script>fetch('/api/docs')</script></svg>`)
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	alice.ServeHTTP(rec, uploadReq(t, "image", svg))
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("svg upload code=%d body=%s", rec.Code, rec.Body)
+	}
+	var resp struct{ URL string }
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &resp); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	name := strings.TrimPrefix(resp.URL, "/api/images/")
+
+	got := get(t, alice, name)
+	if got.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("serve code=%d", got.Code)
+	}
+	csp := got.Header().Get("Content-Security-Policy")
+	if !strings.Contains(csp, "default-src 'none'") || !strings.Contains(csp, "sandbox") {
+		t.Fatalf("CSP %q does not neutralize the response", csp)
+	}
+	if got.Header().Get("X-Content-Type-Options") != "nosniff" {
+		t.Fatal("stored images must be served nosniff")
+	}
+}
+
+// A per-upload cap bounds one careless paste; nothing bounded ten thousand of
+// them, on the same volume the database lives on.
+func TestUploadQuota(t *testing.T) {
+	database, err := db.Open(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "test.db"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("open db: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { database.Close() })
+	if _, err := database.Exec(
+		`INSERT INTO users (id, email, display_name) VALUES (?, ?, ?)`,
+		"bob", "bob@petal.local", "Bob",
+	); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("seed second user: %v", err)
+	}
+	h, err := New(t.TempDir(), database.DB, db.LocalUserID)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("new store: %v", err)
+	}
+	alice := auth.Middleware(auth.StaticResolver(db.LocalUserID))(h.Routes())
+	bob := auth.Middleware(auth.StaticResolver("bob"))(h.Routes())
+
+	// Fill Alice's allowance by hand — uploading a gibibyte in a test would be
+	// absurd, and what's under test is the accounting, not the arithmetic.
+	name := upload(t, alice, pngBytes)
+	if _, err := database.Exec(
+		`UPDATE images SET size = ? WHERE user_id = ? AND name = ?`,
+		int64(maxUserBytes), db.LocalUserID, name,
+	); err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+
+	// Re-storing something she already has costs nothing, so it still works.
+	if again := upload(t, alice, pngBytes); again != name {
+		t.Fatalf("a re-upload of an owned image should dedupe, got %q", again)
+	}
+
+	// Anything new does not.
+	rec := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	alice.ServeHTTP(rec, uploadReq(t, "image", otherPNG))
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusInsufficientStorage {
+		t.Fatalf("over-quota upload code=%d, want 507", rec.Code)
+	}
+
+	// And it is *her* allowance, not the store's: Bob is unaffected.
+	if got := upload(t, bob, otherPNG); got == "" {
+		t.Fatal("one writer's quota must not stop another writing")
+	}
+}

internal/lexicon/data.go

@@ -36,3 +36,13 @@ var glossGz []byte
 //
 //go:embed data/phonetic.json.gz
 var phoneticGz []byte
+
+// hanziGz is the gzipped Chinese→English map: simplified headword → [[pinyin,
+// senses], …]. Built from CC-CEDICT (scripts/build_cedict.py), unfiltered — the
+// word a learner stops on is the one they do not know, so this is the one
+// dataset here with no frequency gate. Loaded on its own sync.Once (see
+// hanzi.go), not with the four above, because only a learner-direction account
+// ever asks for it.
+//
+//go:embed data/hanzi.json.gz
+var hanziGz []byte

internal/lexicon/dreamdict.go

@@ -2,8 +2,10 @@ package lexicon
 
 import (
 	"errors"
+	"fmt"
 	"io/fs"
 	"os"
+	"sort"
 	"strings"
 	"unicode/utf8"
 
@@ -56,9 +58,34 @@ func (dd *DreamDict) Close() error {
 	return dd.d.Close()
 }
 
-// Langs returns the language codes dict.db was built with, so startup can log
-// what it actually got rather than what it hoped for.
-func (dd *DreamDict) Langs() []string { return dictionary.Langs() }
+// Contents reports how many words the open dict.db holds per language, so
+// startup can log what it actually got.
+//
+// It counts rows rather than returning DreamDict's list of supported languages.
+// Those are not the same thing and the difference is the whole point: a
+// database built before Spanish existed still *supports* Spanish, and a log
+// line naming the supported set would have said so cheerfully while every
+// Spanish lookup came back empty. Counting rows is the question worth asking of
+// a file somebody had to copy onto the box by hand.
+func (dd *DreamDict) Contents() string {
+	counts, err := dd.d.WordCount()
+	if err != nil {
+		return "unreadable: " + err.Error()
+	}
+	langs := make([]string, 0, len(counts))
+	for lang := range counts {
+		langs = append(langs, lang)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(langs)
+	parts := make([]string, 0, len(langs))
+	for _, lang := range langs {
+		parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("%s=%d", lang, counts[lang]))
+	}
+	if len(parts) == 0 {
+		return "no words"
+	}
+	return strings.Join(parts, " ")
+}
 
 // dreamProvider serves one writer: English lookups from dict.db, glossed into
 // native. The struct is a value, created per request by [Set.For] — it holds no
@@ -147,9 +174,63 @@ func (p dreamProvider) Lookup(word string) (Result, error) {
 	}
 	res.Etymology = trimEtymology(ety)
 
+	if res.Reverse, err = p.reverse(norm); err != nil {
+		return Result{}, err
+	}
+
 	return res, nil
 }
 
+// reverse reads the token as a word of the writer's own language, and returns
+// nil when it isn't one — which is the answer for almost every word she looks
+// up, since she is writing English.
+//
+// The English de-inflection walk is deliberately *not* applied here. [candidates]
+// knows about -s, -ed and -ing; running it over Portuguese would turn "vinhas"
+// into "vinha" by an English rule that happens to be right and "cantava" into
+// nothing by rules that are simply irrelevant. dict.db stores headwords, so an
+// inflected Portuguese form finds nothing and the card shows only the English
+// reading — the same outcome as today, rather than a confidently wrong one.
+func (p dreamProvider) reverse(norm string) (*Reverse, error) {
+	back, err := p.dict.d.Equivalents(norm, p.native, langEN)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defs, err := p.dict.d.Define(norm, p.native)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if len(back) == 0 && len(defs) == 0 {
+		return nil, nil
+	}
+
+	rev := &Reverse{Lang: p.native}
+	if len(back) > maxGlossSenses {
+		back = back[:maxGlossSenses]
+	}
+	rev.Gloss = strings.Join(back, "; ")
+	for _, d := range defs {
+		rev.Definitions = append(rev.Definitions, Meaning{PartOfSpeech: d.POS, Definition: d.Gloss})
+		if len(rev.Definitions) >= maxReverseDefinitions {
+			break
+		}
+	}
+
+	prons, err := p.dict.d.Pronunciation(norm, p.native)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	rev.Phonetic = pickIPA(prons)
+
+	return rev, nil
+}
+
+// maxReverseDefinitions is smaller than [maxDefinitions]: the reverse reading is
+// the second half of a card that already has an English one, and it is there to
+// say "this is also a Portuguese word, and here is what it means" rather than to
+// be a dictionary entry in its own right.
+const maxReverseDefinitions = 2
+
 // Gloss returns the writer's-language translation alone — the hover tooltip's
 // fast path, one indexed query per candidate form and nothing else.
 func (p dreamProvider) Gloss(word string) (GlossResult, error) {
@@ -161,7 +242,21 @@ func (p dreamProvider) Gloss(word string) (GlossResult, error) {
 	if err != nil {
 		return GlossResult{}, err
 	}
-	return GlossResult{Word: word, Gloss: gloss}, nil
+	res := GlossResult{Word: word, Gloss: gloss}
+
+	// The tooltip carries only the reverse *gloss*, not the whole reading: it is
+	// a one-line bubble under a resting pointer, and the popover is one click
+	// away for anyone who wants the rest.
+	back, err := p.dict.d.Equivalents(norm, p.native, langEN)
+	if err != nil {
+		return GlossResult{}, err
+	}
+	if len(back) > maxGlossSenses {
+		back = back[:maxGlossSenses]
+	}
+	res.Reverse = strings.Join(back, "; ")
+
+	return res, nil
 }
 
 // maxGlossSenses caps how many translations are strung together. One is often
@@ -180,8 +275,8 @@ const maxGlossSenses = 3
 //
 // A language dict.db was built without simply has no rows, so this returns "" —
 // which is exactly what an unglossed word returns, and the popover already
-// renders that case. Spanish today is precisely this: supported by DreamDict,
-// absent from the deployed database until it is rebuilt.
+// renders that case. Spanish was precisely this until the database was rebuilt
+// with it on 2026-07-27; the code path did not change, the file did.
 func (p dreamProvider) translate(norm string) (string, error) {
 	for _, c := range candidates(norm) {
 		trs, err := p.dict.d.Equivalents(c, langEN, p.native)

internal/lexicon/dreamdict_test.go

@@ -96,6 +96,24 @@ func writeFixture(t *testing.T, seeded bool) string {
 	exec(`INSERT INTO word_synsets (word_id, synset_id, source) VALUES
 		(5, 1, 'wordnet'), (6, 1, 'omw'), (7, 1, 'omw')`)
 
+	// "data" is the collision the Latin pairs create and the zh pair never did:
+	// a real English word and a real Portuguese one, spelled identically and
+	// meaning different things. There is no honest way to look at it in a mixed
+	// document and know which was meant, so Petal shows both readings.
+	exec(`INSERT INTO words (id, word, lang, pos, frequency) VALUES
+		(8,  'data', 'en',    'noun', 800),
+		(9,  'data', 'pt-PT', 'noun', 700),
+		(10, 'date', 'en',    'noun', 750)`)
+	exec(`INSERT INTO definitions (word_id, pos, gloss, source, priority) VALUES
+		(8, 'noun', 'facts collected for reference', 'wordnet',    10),
+		(9, 'noun', 'dia do mês',                    'wiktionary', 20),
+		(9, 'noun', 'momento no tempo',              'wiktionary', 30),
+		(9, 'noun', 'um terceiro sentido',           'wiktionary', 40)`)
+	exec(`INSERT INTO translations (word_id, translation, target_lang, source) VALUES
+		(9, 'date', 'en', 'kaikki')`)
+	exec(`INSERT INTO pronunciations (word_id, format, value, source) VALUES
+		(9, 'ipa', '/ˈdatɐ/', 'wiktionary')`)
+
 	exec(`INSERT INTO etymology (word_id, text, source) VALUES
 		(1, 'From Medieval Latin ephemerus, from Ancient Greek ἐφήμερος (ephḗmeros, "lasting only a day"), from ἐπί (epí, "upon") and ἡμέρα (hēméra, "day"). The sense of transience is attested in English from the late sixteenth century onwards.', 'wiktionary')`)
 
@@ -519,3 +537,128 @@ func TestHandlerDecodesPunctuatedWords(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Errorf("Word = %q, want the decoded word", res.Word)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestContentsCountsRowsNotSupportedLanguages(t *testing.T) {
+	// The fixture is seeded with English and pt-PT only. DreamDict *supports*
+	// French, Spanish and Chinese too — and a startup line that reported the
+	// supported set would have named all five while every French lookup came
+	// back empty. That is the failure this log line exists to catch, so it must
+	// count rows.
+	got := NewSet(openFixture(t))
+	summary := got.Contents()
+	if !strings.Contains(summary, "en=") || !strings.Contains(summary, "pt-PT=") {
+		t.Errorf("Contents = %q, want the languages the fixture actually holds", summary)
+	}
+	for _, absent := range []string{"fr=", "es=", "zh="} {
+		if strings.Contains(summary, absent) {
+			t.Errorf("Contents = %q, must not name %q — no rows exist for it", summary, absent)
+		}
+	}
+	// No dictionary at all still has to answer something printable.
+	if s := NewSet(nil).Contents(); s == "" {
+		t.Error("Contents with no dictionary must still say something")
+	}
+}
+
+// The Latin+Latin wrinkle (SUGGESTIONS.md §3a). An English+Chinese pair never
+// had to decide which language a word was in — the script decided. An
+// English+Portuguese pair has no script boundary, and "data", "sale", "comum"
+// and "tarde" are real words on both sides of it. Petal asks both directions
+// and shows whatever answers, which needs no language detector and therefore
+// cannot be wrong about somebody's writing.
+func TestDreamLookupShowsBothReadingsOnACollision(t *testing.T) {
+	p := dreamProvider{dict: openFixture(t), native: "pt-PT"}
+	res, err := p.Lookup("data")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Lookup: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// The English reading is unchanged and still leads.
+	if len(res.Definitions) == 0 || res.Definitions[0].Definition != "facts collected for reference" {
+		t.Fatalf("Definitions = %v, want the English sense first", res.Definitions)
+	}
+
+	if res.Reverse == nil {
+		t.Fatal("Reverse = nil; a word that exists in both languages must carry both readings")
+	}
+	if res.Reverse.Lang != "pt-PT" {
+		t.Errorf("Reverse.Lang = %q, want the writer's language", res.Reverse.Lang)
+	}
+	if res.Reverse.Gloss != "date" {
+		t.Errorf("Reverse.Gloss = %q, want the English meaning of the Portuguese word", res.Reverse.Gloss)
+	}
+	if res.Reverse.Phonetic != "ˈdatɐ" {
+		t.Errorf("Reverse.Phonetic = %q, want the Portuguese IPA without slashes", res.Reverse.Phonetic)
+	}
+	// The reverse reading is a footnote on a card that already has an English
+	// half, so it is capped harder than the main entry.
+	if len(res.Reverse.Definitions) != maxReverseDefinitions {
+		t.Fatalf("Reverse.Definitions = %d, want %d", len(res.Reverse.Definitions), maxReverseDefinitions)
+	}
+	if res.Reverse.Definitions[0].Definition != "dia do mês" {
+		t.Errorf("Reverse.Definitions[0] = %q, want the Portuguese sense",
+			res.Reverse.Definitions[0].Definition)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDreamLookupHasNoReverseForAnEnglishOnlyWord(t *testing.T) {
+	// Which is almost every word she looks up: she is writing English. A
+	// second block under every card would make the collision case invisible.
+	p := dreamProvider{dict: openFixture(t), native: "pt-PT"}
+	res, err := p.Lookup("ephemeral")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Lookup: %v", err)
+	}
+	if res.Reverse != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Reverse = %+v, want none for a word that is only English", res.Reverse)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestDreamGlossCarriesTheReverseReading(t *testing.T) {
+	// The hover tooltip takes the same both-directions rule in one line less
+	// space: the reverse *gloss* only, never the definitions.
+	p := dreamProvider{dict: openFixture(t), native: "pt-PT"}
+
+	g, err := p.Gloss("data")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Gloss: %v", err)
+	}
+	if g.Reverse != "date" {
+		t.Errorf("Gloss.Reverse = %q, want the English meaning of the Portuguese word", g.Reverse)
+	}
+
+	g, err = p.Gloss("ephemeral")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Gloss: %v", err)
+	}
+	if g.Reverse != "" {
+		t.Errorf("Gloss.Reverse = %q, want none for an English-only word", g.Reverse)
+	}
+	if g.Gloss != "efémero; passageiro" {
+		t.Errorf("Gloss = %q, want the forward gloss untouched", g.Gloss)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestReverseIsSilentForTheEmbeddedProviders(t *testing.T) {
+	// The zh pair has no collisions and no DreamDict, and a writer with no
+	// dict.db at all falls through to `glossless`. Neither may start emitting a
+	// reverse block: the card would then claim a Chinese reading of an English
+	// word, which is worse than saying nothing.
+	set := NewSet(nil)
+
+	res, err := set.For(LangZh).Lookup("river")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Lookup: %v", err)
+	}
+	if res.Reverse != nil {
+		t.Errorf("embedded Reverse = %+v, want none", res.Reverse)
+	}
+
+	res, err = set.For("pt-PT").Lookup("river")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("Lookup: %v", err)
+	}
+	if res.Reverse != nil {
+		t.Errorf("glossless Reverse = %+v, want none", res.Reverse)
+	}
+}

internal/lexicon/handlers.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"database/sql"
 	"encoding/json"
+	"log"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
 
@@ -41,6 +42,45 @@ func (h *Handler) GlossRoutes() chi.Router {
 	return r
 }
 
+// HanziRoutes returns the router mounted at /api/hanzi — a Chinese word to its
+// pinyin and English senses, for a writer going the other way through the zh
+// pair (`users.direction = 'learning_pair'`).
+//
+// It does not go through [Handler.providerFor], and that is not an oversight.
+// providerFor picks a dictionary by the writer's *pair*, to answer "what does
+// this English word mean in her language" — a question whose answer differs per
+// pair. This endpoint asks the opposite question of exactly one language: it
+// reads hanzi, and hanzi are Chinese whoever is looking them up. Routing it
+// through the pair would add a database read per hover to choose between one
+// option and itself.
+//
+// What no longer holds is the reason this used to give — that
+// [auth.SupportsLearnerDirection] guarantees the caller is on the zh pair. Since
+// Portuguese joined `learnerPairs` a learning_pair account may be Portuguese, so
+// the guarantee now comes from the *caller*: the client only ever asks this
+// route about a token its Chinese segmenter found, and that segmenter is loaded
+// only for the zh pair (see useSegmenter in App.tsx). A stray lookup is still
+// answered safely — a word the Chinese dictionary has never heard of is a 200
+// with empty lists, exactly like any other miss.
+func (h *Handler) HanziRoutes() chi.Router {
+	r := chi.NewRouter()
+	r.Get("/{word}", h.hanzi)
+	return r
+}
+
+// hanzi answers a Chinese word lookup. Like the other two, a miss is a 200 with
+// empty lists — a hover that lands on a word the dictionary has never heard of
+// is an ordinary thing to happen while reading, and the tooltip simply doesn't
+// open.
+func (h *Handler) hanzi(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	res, err := h.Set.Hanzi(pathWord(r))
+	if err != nil {
+		writeLookupErr(w, err)
+		return
+	}
+	writeLookup(w, res)
+}
+
 // providerFor returns the provider for the caller's language pair.
 //
 // The pair language is read here rather than threaded down because a word
@@ -95,10 +135,15 @@ func (h *Handler) gloss(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	writeLookup(w, res)
 }
 
+// writeLookupErr answers a failed lookup. The real error is a dictionary or
+// database fault — a file path, a SQLite message — and belongs in the log, not
+// in a tooltip. The client treats any non-200 the same way, so nothing is lost
+// by saying less.
 func writeLookupErr(w http.ResponseWriter, err error) {
+	log.Printf("lexicon: lookup failed: %v", err)
 	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "application/json")
 	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusInternalServerError)
-	_ = json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(map[string]string{"error": err.Error()})
+	_ = json.NewEncoder(w).Encode(map[string]string{"error": "lookup failed"})
 }
 
 func writeLookup(w http.ResponseWriter, v any) {

internal/lexicon/hanzi.go

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+package lexicon
+
+import (
+	"fmt"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"unicode"
+)
+
+// The Chinese half of the lexicon: a word written in hanzi to its pinyin and
+// English senses. This is the mirror image of `gloss` — that one reads English
+// and answers in Chinese, for a Mandarin native practising English; this one
+// reads Chinese and answers in English, for the other direction of the same
+// pair (`users.direction = 'learning_pair'`).
+//
+// It is deliberately not folded into [Lexicon.load]. That method reads four
+// datasets on the first lookup of any kind, and this one is 3.1 MB gzipped that
+// only a learner-direction account will ever ask for — every other writer would
+// pay the decompression and the resident memory for a map they never touch. Its
+// own sync.Once means the cost lands on the first Chinese hover and nowhere
+// else.
+
+// HanziReading is one pronunciation of a word and the senses it carries in that
+// pronunciation. A word usually has one; the ones that have two are why this is
+// a list rather than a pair of strings. 得 is dé, "to obtain", *and* de, the
+// particle that makes 说得很好 mean "speaks well" — a learner shown only the
+// first has been told something false about the sentence in front of them.
+type HanziReading struct {
+	Pinyin string `json:"pinyin"`
+	Senses string `json:"senses"`
+}
+
+// HanziChar is one character of a word that the dictionary could not answer as
+// a whole. See [Lexicon.Hanzi].
+type HanziChar struct {
+	Char   string `json:"char"`
+	Pinyin string `json:"pinyin"`
+	Senses string `json:"senses"`
+}
+
+// HanziResult is what a Chinese word lookup answers. Readings is empty for a
+// word the dictionary does not have, in which case Chars may carry the
+// character-by-character reading instead.
+type HanziResult struct {
+	Word     string         `json:"word"`
+	Readings []HanziReading `json:"readings"`
+	Chars    []HanziChar    `json:"chars"`
+}
+
+type hanziStore struct {
+	once sync.Once
+	err  error
+	// word → [[pinyin, senses], …], exactly as scripts/build_cedict.py writes it.
+	entries map[string][][]string
+}
+
+var hanzi hanziStore
+
+func (h *hanziStore) load() {
+	h.once.Do(func() {
+		if err := gunzipJSON(hanziGz, &h.entries); err != nil {
+			h.err = fmt.Errorf("load hanzi: %w", err)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// maxHanziChars caps the per-character fallback. A run longer than this is
+// almost certainly a phrase the segmenter split badly rather than a word, and
+// spelling out eight characters one at a time is a wall, not a hint.
+const maxHanziChars = 6
+
+// Hanzi returns the pinyin and English senses of a Chinese word.
+//
+// There is no de-inflection walk here, and its absence is a fact about the
+// language rather than an omission: Chinese words do not inflect, so the
+// candidate forms [lookupGloss] tries for "running" → "run" have no analogue.
+// A lookup either hits the headword or it does not.
+//
+// What it does instead is fall back to the characters. The segmentation word
+// list is a superset of this dictionary — every glossable word can be
+// segmented, but jieba knows ordinary compounds CC-CEDICT has no entry for — so
+// a hover really can land on a word with nothing to say about it. Chinese
+// compounds are usually transparent from their parts (电脑 is "electric brain"),
+// which makes the character reading a genuinely useful second answer rather
+// than a consolation prize. It is returned as its own field so the surface can
+// say which of the two it is showing; a caller that only wants whole words can
+// ignore it.
+func (l *Lexicon) Hanzi(word string) (HanziResult, error) {
+	hanzi.load()
+	if hanzi.err != nil {
+		return HanziResult{}, hanzi.err
+	}
+
+	norm := strings.TrimSpace(word)
+	res := HanziResult{Word: word, Readings: []HanziReading{}, Chars: []HanziChar{}}
+	if norm == "" {
+		return res, nil
+	}
+
+	if rows, ok := hanzi.entries[norm]; ok {
+		res.Readings = toReadings(rows)
+		return res, nil
+	}
+
+	chars := []rune(norm)
+	if len(chars) < 2 || len(chars) > maxHanziChars {
+		// A single character that missed has no parts to fall back to, and a long
+		// run is not a word. Either way the honest answer is nothing.
+		return res, nil
+	}
+	for _, r := range chars {
+		if !unicode.Is(unicode.Han, r) {
+			// Mixed input (a stray letter or digit inside the run) is not something
+			// the character reading can explain, and guessing at the hanzi parts of
+			// it would be worse than silence.
+			return HanziResult{Word: word, Readings: []HanziReading{}, Chars: []HanziChar{}}, nil
+		}
+		rows, ok := hanzi.entries[string(r)]
+		if !ok {
+			continue
+		}
+		first := toReadings(rows)
+		if len(first) == 0 {
+			continue
+		}
+		res.Chars = append(res.Chars, HanziChar{
+			Char:   string(r),
+			Pinyin: first[0].Pinyin,
+			Senses: first[0].Senses,
+		})
+	}
+	return res, nil
+}
+
+func toReadings(rows [][]string) []HanziReading {
+	out := make([]HanziReading, 0, len(rows))
+	for _, row := range rows {
+		if len(row) < 2 {
+			continue
+		}
+		out = append(out, HanziReading{Pinyin: row[0], Senses: row[1]})
+	}
+	return out
+}

internal/lexicon/hanzi_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+package lexicon
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+	"net/http/httptest"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"
+)
+
+// The Chinese direction of the lexicon, against the real embedded asset — not a
+// fixture. The dataset is built by scripts/build_cedict.py, which asserts its
+// own invariants at build time; what these assert is that the *lookup* over it
+// behaves, including on the entries the build script goes out of its way to keep.
+
+func TestHanziLookup(t *testing.T) {
+	l := New()
+
+	res, err := l.Hanzi("公园")
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("lookup 公园: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(res.Readings) == 0 {
+		t.Fatal("公园 has no readings")
+	}
+	// Tone marks, not the numbered pinyin CC-CEDICT stores. The number is the
+	// storage format; the marks are what a learner reads.
+	if got := res.Readings[0].Pinyin; got != "gōngyuán" {
+		t.Errorf("公园 pinyin = %q, want gōngyuán", got)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(res.Readings[0].Senses, "park") {
+		t.Errorf("公园 senses = %q, want something about a park", res.Readings[0].Senses)
+	}
+	// A word answered whole says nothing about its characters — the fallback is
+	// the other branch, and sending both would double the payload of the common
+	// case to no purpose.
+	if len(res.Chars) != 0 {
+		t.Errorf("a whole-word hit also returned %d characters", len(res.Chars))
+	}
+}
+
+// 得 is the reason readings are a list. Answered with only dé "to obtain", a
+// learner hovering it in 说得很好 has been told something false about the
+// sentence they are looking at.
+func TestHanziParticleCarriesItsGrammaticalReading(t *testing.T) {
+	l := New()
+
+	for _, particle := range []string{"的", "地", "得"} {
+		res, err := l.Hanzi(particle)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("lookup %s: %v", particle, err)
+		}
+		var found bool
+		for _, r := range res.Readings {
+			if r.Pinyin == "de" {
+				found = true
+			}
+		}
+		if !found {
+			t.Errorf("%s never reads as neutral \"de\": %+v", particle, res.Readings)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// The fallback the segmentation gap makes necessary: jieba knows ordinary
+// compounds CC-CEDICT has no headword for, so a hover can land on a real word
+// with no entry. Chinese compounds are usually transparent from their parts, so
+// the characters are a real second answer.
+func TestHanziFallsBackToCharacters(t *testing.T) {
+	l := New()
+
+	// Constructed rather than borrowed from the corpus: a word that CC-CEDICT
+	// *does* carry would test the other branch, and which compounds it happens to
+	// omit is not something a test should pin.
+	const made = "猫书"
+	if _, ok := hanzi.entries[made]; ok {
+		t.Skipf("%s has become a real headword; pick another compound", made)
+	}
+	res, err := l.Hanzi(made)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("lookup %s: %v", made, err)
+	}
+	if len(res.Readings) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("%s answered as a whole word: %+v", made, res.Readings)
+	}
+	if len(res.Chars) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("character fallback gave %d entries, want 2: %+v", len(res.Chars), res.Chars)
+	}
+	if res.Chars[0].Char != "猫" || !strings.Contains(res.Chars[0].Senses, "cat") {
+		t.Errorf("first character = %+v, want 猫 ~ cat", res.Chars[0])
+	}
+	if res.Chars[0].Pinyin != "māo" {
+		t.Errorf("猫 pinyin = %q, want māo", res.Chars[0].Pinyin)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHanziMisses(t *testing.T) {
+	l := New()
+
+	for name, word := range map[string]string{
+		// A single character with no entry has no parts to fall back to.
+		"lone unknown character": "龥",
+		"empty":                  "",
+		"whitespace":             "  ",
+		// Not Chinese at all: the English tokenizer owns these, and answering
+		// would mean guessing.
+		"english": "hello",
+		"mixed":   "猫cat",
+		// Longer than a word: a bad segmentation, not something to spell out
+		// character by character.
+		"a whole clause": "我今天早上去公园跑步了",
+	} {
+		res, err := l.Hanzi(word)
+		if err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: %v", name, err)
+		}
+		if len(res.Readings) != 0 || len(res.Chars) != 0 {
+			t.Errorf("%s (%q) answered with %+v / %+v", name, word, res.Readings, res.Chars)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func TestHanziEndpoint(t *testing.T) {
+	h := NewHandler(nil, NewSet(nil))
+	r := chi.NewRouter()
+	r.Mount("/hanzi", h.HanziRoutes())
+
+	w := httptest.NewRecorder()
+	r.ServeHTTP(w, httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/hanzi/"+"跑步", nil))
+	if w.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("status = %d", w.Code)
+	}
+	var got HanziResult
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(w.Body.Bytes(), &got); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decode: %v", err)
+	}
+	if got.Word != "跑步" || len(got.Readings) == 0 || got.Readings[0].Pinyin != "pǎobù" {
+		t.Fatalf("response = %+v", got)
+	}
+
+	// A miss is a 200 with empty lists, like the other two lookups — the tooltip
+	// quietly doesn't open rather than showing an error over her writing.
+	w = httptest.NewRecorder()
+	r.ServeHTTP(w, httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodGet, "/hanzi/zzz", nil))
+	if w.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("miss: status = %d, want 200", w.Code)
+	}
+}

internal/lexicon/lexicon.go

@@ -47,6 +47,35 @@ type Result struct {
 	// Latin roots with English — "ephemeral" is much easier to keep once you
 	// have seen efémero next to it.
 	Etymology string `json:"etymology"`
+
+	// Reverse is the same token read as a word of the writer's own language,
+	// present only when it is one. Absent for every writer whose pair is not
+	// Latin-script, and for the overwhelming majority of words in one that is.
+	Reverse *Reverse `json:"reverse,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// Reverse is a lookup in the other direction: the token treated as a word of the
+// writer's language, translated into English.
+//
+// It exists because a Latin-script pair has no script boundary to tell the two
+// halves apart. In English+Chinese, "which language is this word?" answers
+// itself. In English+Portuguese it does not: *sale*, *casa*, *comum*, *tarde*
+// and *ali* are all real words on both sides, and *chat* and *pain* are the
+// French versions of the same trap.
+//
+// Petal does not guess. It asks both directions and shows whatever comes back,
+// which needs no detector, cannot be wrong about someone's writing, and — for a
+// learner — is more interesting than a correct guess would have been.
+type Reverse struct {
+	// Lang is the language this reading is in, so the card can label it.
+	Lang string `json:"lang"`
+	// Gloss is the English meaning of the native-language word.
+	Gloss string `json:"gloss"`
+	// Definitions are the word's senses as written in the writer's own
+	// language — the monolingual half, for when the English gloss isn't enough.
+	Definitions []Meaning `json:"definitions,omitempty"`
+	// Phonetic is IPA for the native-language pronunciation; "" when absent.
+	Phonetic string `json:"phonetic,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // unknownDifficulty is the [Result.Difficulty] value meaning "no score",
@@ -59,6 +88,10 @@ const unknownDifficulty = -1
 type GlossResult struct {
 	Word  string `json:"word"`
 	Gloss string `json:"gloss"`
+	// Reverse is the English meaning of the word read as one of the writer's
+	// own language — the tooltip's half of the both-directions rule (see
+	// [Reverse]). Empty unless the token is a word in her language too.
+	Reverse string `json:"reverse,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // maxSynonyms caps how many synonyms we hand the popover, even though the dataset

internal/lexicon/provider.go

@@ -53,6 +53,16 @@ func NewSet(dream *DreamDict) *Set {
 // usable.
 func (s *Set) HasDreamDict() bool { return s.dream != nil }
 
+// Contents describes what the open dict.db actually holds, for the startup log.
+// With no dictionary it says so rather than returning an empty string, because
+// a blank in a log line is indistinguishable from a bug in the log line.
+func (s *Set) Contents() string {
+	if s.dream == nil {
+		return "no dict.db — embedded datasets only"
+	}
+	return s.dream.Contents()
+}
+
 // For returns the provider that should answer lookups for a writer whose pair
 // language is lang.
 //
@@ -99,3 +109,13 @@ func (g glossless) Lookup(word string) (Result, error) {
 func (g glossless) Gloss(word string) (GlossResult, error) {
 	return GlossResult{Word: word}, nil
 }
+
+// Hanzi answers a Chinese-word lookup from the embedded CC-CEDICT map.
+//
+// It is on the Set rather than on [Provider] because it is not the same
+// question the other two ask. Lookup and Gloss vary by pair — which is why they
+// are behind an interface with two implementations — while this one is asked of
+// Chinese or not at all: the learner direction exists for exactly one pair (see
+// auth.learnerPairs), and DreamDict's own CC-CEDICT would be a second copy of
+// the same dictionary, chosen by a rule with one branch.
+func (s *Set) Hanzi(word string) (HanziResult, error) { return s.embedded.Hanzi(word) }

internal/llm/checkpoint.go

@@ -41,9 +41,9 @@ type checkpointResponse struct {
 // RunCheckpoint sends the grammar checkpoint and parses the JSON result. It
 // applies the latency-guard truncation and the checkpoint sampling parameters
 // from the spec.
-func RunCheckpoint(ctx context.Context, client LLMClient, contentText, tone string, _ Lang) ([]RawSuggestion, error) {
+func RunCheckpoint(ctx context.Context, client LLMClient, contentText, tone string, t Target) ([]RawSuggestion, error) {
 	raw, err := client.Complete(ctx, CompletionRequest{
-		Messages:          CheckpointMessages(TruncateDoc(contentText), tone),
+		Messages:          CheckpointMessages(TruncateDoc(contentText), tone, t),
 		MaxTokens:         checkpointMaxTokens,
 		Temperature:       0.3,
 		RepetitionPenalty: 1.15,

internal/llm/collocation.go

@@ -20,9 +20,9 @@ const CollocationInterval = 25 * time.Second
 // The tone argument is accepted for a uniform pass signature and passed through
 // to the prompt so a hint can prefer a register-appropriate pairing. `lang` is
 // the writer's pair language — the one each hint's short gloss is written in.
-func RunCollocation(ctx context.Context, client LLMClient, contentText, tone string, lang Lang) ([]RawSuggestion, error) {
+func RunCollocation(ctx context.Context, client LLMClient, contentText, tone string, t Target) ([]RawSuggestion, error) {
 	raw, err := client.Complete(ctx, CompletionRequest{
-		Messages:          CollocationMessages(contentText, tone, lang),
+		Messages:          CollocationMessages(contentText, tone, t),
 		MaxTokens:         2048,
 		Temperature:       0.3,
 		RepetitionPenalty: 1.15,

internal/llm/lang_test.go

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ func TestLangForFallsBackToDefault(t *testing.T) {
 func TestPromptsNameTheWritersLanguage(t *testing.T) {
 	pt := LangFor("pt-PT")
 
-	collocation := CollocationMessages("The rain was strong.", "casual", pt)[0].Content
+	collocation := CollocationMessages("The rain was strong.", "casual", EnglishTarget(pt))[0].Content
 	if !strings.Contains(collocation, "European Portuguese") {
 		t.Fatalf("collocation prompt doesn't ask for a pt-PT gloss:\n%s", collocation)
 	}
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ func TestPromptsNameTheWritersLanguage(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("collocation prompt lost its tone guidance:\n%s", collocation)
 	}
 
-	translate := TranslateMessages("Try a shorter sentence here.", pt)[0].Content
+	translate := TranslateMessages("Try a shorter sentence here.", English, pt)[0].Content
 	if !strings.Contains(translate, "European Portuguese") || strings.Contains(translate, "Chinese") {
 		t.Fatalf("translate prompt targets the wrong language:\n%s", translate)
 	}
@@ -73,13 +73,50 @@ func TestPromptsNameTheWritersLanguage(t *testing.T) {
 func TestDefaultPairStillReadsAsBefore(t *testing.T) {
 	zh := LangFor("zh")
 
-	if got := CollocationMessages("x", "", zh)[0].Content; !strings.Contains(got, "Simplified Chinese (Mandarin) gloss in parentheses") {
+	if got := CollocationMessages("x", "", EnglishTarget(zh))[0].Content; !strings.Contains(got, "Simplified Chinese (Mandarin) gloss in parentheses") {
 		t.Fatalf("zh collocation gloss changed:\n%s", got)
 	}
-	if got := TranslateMessages("x", zh)[0].Content; !strings.Contains(got, "natural, friendly Simplified Chinese (Mandarin)") {
+	if got := TranslateMessages("x", English, zh)[0].Content; !strings.Contains(got, "natural, friendly Simplified Chinese (Mandarin)") {
 		t.Fatalf("zh translate target changed:\n%s", got)
 	}
 	if got := AskPetalSystemPrompt("a", "b", "c", "d", "e", zh); !strings.Contains(got, "为什么") {
 		t.Fatalf("zh ask-petal lost its Mandarin \"why\":\n%s", got)
 	}
 }
+
+// UX item 6: the Ask Petal answer is bilingual, pair language first, halves
+// separated by one blank line. That separator is not a stylistic preference —
+// AskPetal.tsx splits on it to render the two halves the way the companion
+// renders its two lines — so the instruction has to survive prompt edits.
+//
+// The direction the writer is learning in is deliberately not encoded: the pair
+// is (English + X), and an English speaker learning French needs the same two
+// halves a Mandarin speaker learning English does. The prompt asks for both and
+// lets the reader choose, so there is nothing here that names one half the
+// answer and the other a courtesy.
+func TestAskPetalAnswersInBothLanguages(t *testing.T) {
+	for _, code := range []string{"zh", "pt-PT", "fr", "es"} {
+		lang := LangFor(code)
+		ask := AskPetalSystemPrompt("a", "b", "grammar", "d", "e", lang)
+
+		if !strings.Contains(ask, "BOTH languages") {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: ask-petal no longer asks for both languages:\n%s", code, ask)
+		}
+		if !strings.Contains(ask, "single blank line") {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: ask-petal lost the blank-line separator the client splits on:\n%s", code, ask)
+		}
+		// Order matters to the rendering: the pair language is the prominent
+		// half, English the muted one beneath it.
+		if !strings.Contains(ask, "first the whole answer in "+lang.Name) {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: ask-petal doesn't put %s first:\n%s", code, lang.Name, ask)
+		}
+		// The instruction it replaced. Left in place it directly contradicts the
+		// new one, and a model given both will pick one at random.
+		if strings.Contains(ask, "Never mix languages") {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: ask-petal still forbids the bilingual reply it now asks for:\n%s", code, ask)
+		}
+		if strings.Contains(ask, "%!") {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: ask-petal prompt has a formatting error:\n%s", code, ask)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/llm/prompts.go

@@ -45,11 +45,55 @@ func toneGuidance(tone string) string {
 		"be improved, prefer suggestions that fit that tone, and gently flag wording that clashes with it."
 }
 
+// pairCheckpointSystemPrompt is the grammar checkpoint for a document written in
+// the writer's own language rather than in English.
+//
+// It is a separate constant rather than a language clause appended to
+// checkpointSystemPrompt, because that prompt opens by naming the reader as an
+// ESL learner and asks for "common ESL patterns" — appending "and explain in
+// Portuguese" would hand the model two contradictory framings. Only the framing
+// differs; the JSON contract and the tone clause below it are the same
+// instructions in the same order, so the two prompts stay comparable.
+//
+// The "never translate" line is the one the model most wants to disobey: asked
+// to improve Portuguese while being an English writing assistant by training, it
+// will happily hand back an English rendering, which is a translation card
+// (Phase 25's `isTranslation`) and not a correction.
+const pairCheckpointSystemPrompt = `You are a warm, encouraging writing assistant. The person you are helping is ` +
+	`writing in %[1]s, and the text below is %[1]s. ` +
+	`Analyze it and identify up to 5 issues: grammar errors, unnatural phrasing, ` +
+	`incorrect idiom usage, or unclear sentences.
+
+Both "original" and "replacement" must be written in %[1]s. You are improving their %[1]s writing — ` +
+	`never translate it into English, and never suggest they write in English instead.
+Write every "explanation" in %[2]s.
+
+Be specific, friendly, and explain WHY each suggestion improves the writing.%[3]s
+
+Respond ONLY with valid JSON. No preamble, no markdown fences. Format:
+{
+  "suggestions": [
+    {
+      "original": "exact text from the document that needs fixing",
+      "replacement": "corrected version",
+      "explanation": "friendly one-sentence explanation",
+      "type": "grammar|phrasing|idiom|clarity"
+    }
+  ]
+}
+
+If the writing looks good, return: {"suggestions": []}`
+
 // CheckpointMessages builds the message array for a grammar checkpoint over the
-// given (already-truncated) document text, steered toward the document's tone.
-func CheckpointMessages(contentText, tone string) []Message {
+// given (already-truncated) document text, steered toward the document's tone
+// and aimed at the language the document is actually written in.
+func CheckpointMessages(contentText, tone string, t Target) []Message {
+	system := fmt.Sprintf(checkpointSystemPrompt, toneGuidance(tone))
+	if t.Flipped() {
+		system = fmt.Sprintf(pairCheckpointSystemPrompt, t.Correct.Name, t.Explain.Name, toneGuidance(tone))
+	}
 	return []Message{
-		{Role: "system", Content: fmt.Sprintf(checkpointSystemPrompt, toneGuidance(tone))},
+		{Role: "system", Content: system},
 		{Role: "user", Content: contentText},
 	}
 }
@@ -82,12 +126,48 @@ Respond ONLY with valid JSON. No preamble, no markdown fences. Format:
 
 If the voice is consistent throughout, return: {"suggestions": []}`
 
+// pairVoiceSystemPrompt is the voice pass for a document in the writer's own
+// language. Voice consistency is the one pass that transfers across languages
+// unchanged — a paragraph that reads as pasted from elsewhere reads that way in
+// any language — so only the framing and the explanation language move.
+const pairVoiceSystemPrompt = `You are a warm, encouraging writing assistant. The person you are helping is writing ` +
+	`in %[1]s. You are reviewing a COMPLETE %[1]s document for VOICE CONSISTENCY only — not grammar.
+
+Read the whole document to learn the writer's natural voice, then identify any passages (2 or more sentences) ` +
+	`that feel tonally inconsistent with the surrounding writing — unusually formal, unusually polished, or phrased ` +
+	`in a way that differs from the writer's established voice elsewhere in the document. These often signal text ` +
+	`that was paraphrased too closely from another source. Do not flag the first paragraph (there is no baseline yet). ` +
+	`Do not flag grammar or spelling mistakes — only voice.
+
+Quote each passage exactly as it appears, in %[1]s. Write every "explanation" in %[2]s.
+
+Respond ONLY with valid JSON. No preamble, no markdown fences. Format:
+{
+  "suggestions": [
+    {
+      "original": "exact passage from the document that feels inconsistent",
+      "replacement": null,
+      "explanation": "friendly one-sentence note about why this passage sounds unlike the rest",
+      "type": "voice"
+    }
+  ]
+}
+
+If the voice is consistent throughout, return: {"suggestions": []}`
+
 // VoiceMessages builds the message array for a voice-consistency pass. Unlike
 // the checkpoint, the caller passes the WHOLE document (no truncation) — voice
 // consistency is judged against the established voice everywhere else.
-func VoiceMessages(contentText string) []Message {
+//
+// The pass had no language argument at all before Phase 28, which was the same
+// English assumption the checkpoint made, just unstated.
+func VoiceMessages(contentText string, t Target) []Message {
+	system := voiceSystemPrompt
+	if t.Flipped() {
+		system = fmt.Sprintf(pairVoiceSystemPrompt, t.Correct.Name, t.Explain.Name)
+	}
 	return []Message{
-		{Role: "system", Content: voiceSystemPrompt},
+		{Role: "system", Content: system},
 		{Role: "user", Content: contentText},
 	}
 }
@@ -133,10 +213,17 @@ If every pairing already sounds natural, return: {"suggestions": []}`
 // CollocationMessages builds the message array for a collocation pass over the
 // WHOLE document (no truncation), gently steered toward the document's tone so a
 // hint can prefer a register-appropriate pairing. The parenthetical gloss is
-// written in the writer's own language.
-func CollocationMessages(contentText, tone string, lang Lang) []Message {
+// written in the writer's own language — `Pair`, not `Explain`: the gloss is
+// addressed to her rather than to the document.
+//
+// The coach itself remains English-only. Collocation lists are the one thing
+// here that is genuinely per-language knowledge rather than framing, and
+// "natives usually say" for Portuguese is a claim this prompt has no grounds to
+// make yet; a flipped document simply gets the pass it always got. (Phase 28
+// moved the checkpoint and the voice pass; this one waits for evidence.)
+func CollocationMessages(contentText, tone string, t Target) []Message {
 	return []Message{
-		{Role: "system", Content: fmt.Sprintf(collocationSystemPrompt, toneGuidance(tone), lang.Name)},
+		{Role: "system", Content: fmt.Sprintf(collocationSystemPrompt, toneGuidance(tone), t.Pair.Name)},
 		{Role: "user", Content: contentText},
 	}
 }
@@ -144,6 +231,25 @@ func CollocationMessages(contentText, tone string, lang Lang) []Message {
 // askPetalSystemTemplate is the Ask Petal tutor prompt. The suggestion context
 // is interpolated in; the user's own messages are appended after this system
 // turn by the caller.
+//
+// The reply is bilingual, the pair language first. Until UX item 6 it mirrored
+// the language of the question instead — self-consistent, but it meant asking in
+// one language cost you the other, and the writer doesn't always know which one
+// the answer will be clearer in. Which half is the safety net and which is the
+// lesson depends on who is writing: the pair is (English + X) either way, and an
+// English speaker learning French wants the French half for the same reason a
+// Mandarin speaker learning English wants the English one. Petal cannot tell
+// them apart from a chat message, and doesn't need to — every other explanation
+// surface already gives both (the card's English body, the seeded bubble in the
+// pair language). The answer that goes deepest into the "why" was the one place
+// that didn't.
+//
+// The blank line between the halves is a contract with the client: AskPetal.tsx
+// splits on the first one to render her language prominently and the English
+// beneath it, mirroring the companion's bubble. A model that ignores the
+// instruction and writes one language degrades to a single plain block — the
+// answer is still readable, which is why the split is a rendering nicety and
+// never a parse the reply depends on.
 const askPetalSystemTemplate = `You are Petal, a warm and patient English writing tutor helping someone who is learning English ` +
 	`as a second language. You are currently discussing a specific writing suggestion.
 
@@ -154,15 +260,21 @@ Suggestion context:
 - Initial explanation: "%[4]s"
 - Surrounding paragraph: "%[5]s"
 
-The user wants to understand this suggestion better. Detect the language of the user's message ` +
-	`and respond in that same language. If they write in %[6]s, respond entirely in ` +
-	`%[6]s. If they write in English, respond in English. Never mix languages in a single response.
+The user wants to understand this suggestion better. Answer in BOTH languages, every time, ` +
+	`whichever language they asked their question in: first the whole answer in %[6]s, then the ` +
+	`same answer again in English. Separate the two with a single blank line. Do not label them, ` +
+	`do not use a blank line anywhere else, and do not mix the two languages within one half — ` +
+	`each half is complete on its own.
+
+One of those two languages is the one they are surest in and the other is the one they are ` +
+	`working in — you do not know which way round, so give both and let them choose. Both halves ` +
+	`say the same thing: do not put a point in one that is missing from the other.
 
 Explain clearly and kindly. Use simple language appropriate to the user's message. Give examples ` +
 	`when helpful. If they ask "why" (or "%[7]s"), explain the grammar rule or idiom behind it. ` +
 	`If they suggest an alternative phrasing, evaluate it honestly.
 
-Keep responses concise (2-4 sentences). This is a chat, not an essay. Be encouraging — ` +
+Keep each half concise (2-3 sentences). This is a chat, not an essay. Be encouraging — ` +
 	`learning a language is hard and they're doing great.`
 
 // AskPetalSystemPrompt fills the tutor prompt with one suggestion's context and
@@ -217,23 +329,29 @@ func RewriteMessages(text, style string) []Message {
 }
 
 // translateSystemPrompt drives the explanation translator: it renders a
-// suggestion's English explanation into the writer's own language so an ESL
-// reader sees the "why" in her first language. Strict about returning ONLY the
-// translation (no quotes, no romanisation, no English echo) so it can drop
-// straight into the chat bubble. Kept warm and plain — these are short, friendly
-// one-liners.
-const translateSystemPrompt = `You are Petal, a warm writing assistant. Translate the English text the user ` +
-	`sends into natural, friendly %[1]s. It is a short explanation of a writing ` +
-	`suggestion, written for a native %[1]s speaker learning English.
+// suggestion's explanation into the half of the pair the explanation is not
+// already in, so the "why" is readable from both sides. Strict about returning
+// ONLY the translation (no quotes, no romanisation, no echo of the source) so it
+// can drop straight into the chat bubble. Kept warm and plain — these are short,
+// friendly one-liners.
+//
+// Both languages are parameters because neither end is a constant. Until Phase
+// 28 the source was always English and the destination always hers; a document
+// written in her own language is explained in her own language, and then the tap
+// runs the other way, into the English she is practising.
+const translateSystemPrompt = `You are Petal, a warm writing assistant. Translate the %[1]s text the user ` +
+	`sends into natural, friendly %[2]s. It is a short explanation of a writing ` +
+	`suggestion, written for someone who is learning one of %[1]s and %[2]s and reads the other most easily.
 
-Respond with ONLY the %[1]s translation. No quotation marks, no romanisation, no English, no preamble — ` +
+Respond with ONLY the %[2]s translation. No quotation marks, no romanisation, no %[1]s, no preamble — ` +
 	`just the translated sentence.`
 
-// TranslateMessages builds the message array for translating one short English
-// explanation into the writer's own language.
-func TranslateMessages(text string, lang Lang) []Message {
+// TranslateMessages builds the message array for rendering one short
+// explanation out of the language it arrived in and into the other half of the
+// writer's pair.
+func TranslateMessages(text string, from, to Lang) []Message {
 	return []Message{
-		{Role: "system", Content: fmt.Sprintf(translateSystemPrompt, lang.Name)},
+		{Role: "system", Content: fmt.Sprintf(translateSystemPrompt, from.Name, to.Name)},
 		{Role: "user", Content: text},
 	}
 }

internal/llm/target.go

@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+package llm
+
+// Which language a pass corrects, and which language it explains in.
+//
+// Until Phase 28 there was no question to answer: every prompt was written
+// around English prose explained in English, and the pair language reached her
+// only when she asked for it (Ask Petal, the explanation translator). That is
+// the right default for a writer practising English and the wrong one for a
+// document she wrote in her own language, where Petal would read Portuguese,
+// say nothing about it, and file a mechanics note about the one English
+// sentence at the end.
+//
+// The two fields are two different decisions reading two different pieces of
+// state, and collapsing them would be the bug:
+//
+//   - Correct follows the DOCUMENT. Portuguese prose gets Portuguese
+//     corrections; that is the whole point.
+//   - Explain follows the WRITER — the half of her pair she is *not* learning
+//     (users.direction), because an explanation is teaching, and teaching lands
+//     in the language she reads most easily.
+//
+// Today those two coincide for every account that exists: `learnerPairs` is
+// {"zh"}, so fr, es and pt-PT writers are all `learning_en` and their
+// non-learned half *is* the pair language. That equality is a fact about
+// today's roster, not about the design — the same shape of assumption that had
+// to be unpicked from `pair_lang` in migration 0016. Keep them apart.
+type Target struct {
+	// Correct is the language the writing is in, and so the language both
+	// `original` and `replacement` must be written in.
+	Correct Lang
+	// Explain is the language each explanation is written in.
+	Explain Lang
+	// Pair is the writer's pair language regardless of what this document is
+	// written in. The collocation coach's parenthetical gloss is addressed to
+	// her rather than to the document, so it reads this and not Correct.
+	Pair Lang
+}
+
+// English as the prompts name it. Not in `langs`: that map answers "which
+// language is the writer's half of the pair", and English is the constant on
+// the other side of every pair Petal supports.
+var English = Lang{Code: "en", Name: "English", Why: "why"}
+
+// EnglishTarget is the pre-Phase-28 behaviour, made explicit: an English
+// document, corrected and explained in English, for a writer whose pair
+// language is `pair`. Every existing user is on this path and the prompt it
+// produces is byte-identical to the one that shipped before this phase.
+func EnglishTarget(pair Lang) Target {
+	return Target{Correct: English, Explain: English, Pair: pair}
+}
+
+// Flipped reports whether this document is in the pair language rather than in
+// English — i.e. whether the pass is reading her own language.
+func (t Target) Flipped() bool { return t.Correct.Code != English.Code }

internal/llm/target_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+package llm
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+// The prompt every account is on today, written out in full.
+//
+// Phase 28 gave the checkpoint a second framing for documents in the writer's
+// own language, and the risk of that change is not that the new prompt is wrong
+// — it is that the old one moved by a word while nobody was looking. Every user
+// who exists is a Mandarin native writing English, so this string is the one
+// Petal actually sends, all day. It is duplicated here on purpose: a golden
+// copied from the constant it guards guards nothing.
+const goldenEnglishCheckpointPrompt = `You are a warm, encouraging writing assistant helping someone who speaks English as a second language. Analyze the text below and identify up to 5 issues: grammar errors, unnatural phrasing, incorrect idiom usage, or unclear sentences that are common ESL patterns.
+
+Be specific, friendly, and explain WHY each suggestion improves the writing.
+
+Respond ONLY with valid JSON. No preamble, no markdown fences. Format:
+{
+  "suggestions": [
+    {
+      "original": "exact text from the document that needs fixing",
+      "replacement": "corrected version",
+      "explanation": "friendly one-sentence explanation",
+      "type": "grammar|phrasing|idiom|clarity"
+    }
+  ]
+}
+
+If the writing looks good, return: {"suggestions": []}`
+
+func TestEnglishDocumentPromptIsUnchanged(t *testing.T) {
+	msgs := CheckpointMessages("I has two apple.", "", EnglishTarget(LangFor("zh")))
+	if got := msgs[0].Content; got != goldenEnglishCheckpointPrompt {
+		t.Fatalf("the English checkpoint prompt moved:\n--- got ---\n%s\n--- want ---\n%s", got, goldenEnglishCheckpointPrompt)
+	}
+	if msgs[1].Content != "I has two apple." {
+		t.Fatalf("document text mangled: %q", msgs[1].Content)
+	}
+
+	// The tone clause still lands, in the same place it always did.
+	toned := CheckpointMessages("x", "academic", EnglishTarget(LangFor("zh")))[0].Content
+	if !strings.Contains(toned, "formal, academic, and objective") {
+		t.Fatalf("English checkpoint lost its tone guidance:\n%s", toned)
+	}
+}
+
+// A document in her own language gets a prompt that names that language, keeps
+// the corrections inside it, and drops the framing that only makes sense when
+// the thing being written is English.
+func TestFlippedCheckpointPrompt(t *testing.T) {
+	pt := LangFor("pt-PT")
+	system := CheckpointMessages("Hoje foi um dia bom.", "casual", Target{Correct: pt, Explain: pt, Pair: pt})[0].Content
+
+	if !strings.Contains(system, "European Portuguese") {
+		t.Fatalf("flipped checkpoint doesn't name the language:\n%s", system)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(system, "second language") || strings.Contains(system, "ESL") {
+		t.Fatalf("flipped checkpoint kept the ESL framing:\n%s", system)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(system, "never translate it into English") {
+		t.Fatalf("flipped checkpoint doesn't forbid translating:\n%s", system)
+	}
+	// The shared contract below the framing has to survive the split.
+	for _, want := range []string{`"suggestions"`, `"replacement"`, "grammar|phrasing|idiom|clarity", "relaxed, friendly, and conversational"} {
+		if !strings.Contains(system, want) {
+			t.Fatalf("flipped checkpoint dropped %q:\n%s", want, system)
+		}
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(system, "%!") {
+		t.Fatalf("flipped checkpoint has a formatting error:\n%s", system)
+	}
+}
+
+// The two decisions are separate arguments and must reach the prompt separately:
+// corrections in the document's language, the explanation in the language she
+// reads most easily. Only the zh pair can be travelled both ways today, so it is
+// the only one that can prove they haven't been quietly collapsed into one.
+func TestFlippedPromptsExplainInTheirOwnLanguage(t *testing.T) {
+	zh := LangFor("zh")
+
+	// Native Mandarin, practising English, writing Chinese: both halves Chinese.
+	both := CheckpointMessages("今天天气很好。", "", Target{Correct: zh, Explain: zh, Pair: zh})[0].Content
+	if strings.Count(both, "Simplified Chinese (Mandarin)") < 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("expected corrections and explanations both in Chinese:\n%s", both)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(both, "explanation"+`" in English`) {
+		t.Fatalf("explanation language leaked to English:\n%s", both)
+	}
+
+	// Native English, learning Chinese, writing Chinese: Chinese corrections,
+	// English explanations.
+	split := CheckpointMessages("今天天气很好。", "", Target{Correct: zh, Explain: English, Pair: zh})[0].Content
+	if !strings.Contains(split, `Write every "explanation" in English.`) {
+		t.Fatalf("learner direction didn't get English explanations:\n%s", split)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(split, "writing in Simplified Chinese (Mandarin)") {
+		t.Fatalf("learner direction lost its Chinese corrections:\n%s", split)
+	}
+
+	// Same for the voice pass, which had no language at all before this phase.
+	voice := VoiceMessages("今天天气很好。", Target{Correct: zh, Explain: English, Pair: zh})[0].Content
+	if !strings.Contains(voice, `Write every "explanation" in English.`) || !strings.Contains(voice, "Simplified Chinese") {
+		t.Fatalf("flipped voice prompt got its languages wrong:\n%s", voice)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(voice, "second language") {
+		t.Fatalf("flipped voice prompt kept the ESL framing:\n%s", voice)
+	}
+	// An English document still gets exactly the voice prompt it always got.
+	if got := VoiceMessages("x", EnglishTarget(zh))[0].Content; got != voiceSystemPrompt {
+		t.Fatalf("English voice prompt moved:\n%s", got)
+	}
+}

internal/llm/translate.go

@@ -4,13 +4,14 @@ import (
 	"context"
 )
 
-// RunTranslate renders a short English explanation into the writer's own
-// language. It is a one-shot Complete (the result seeds the Ask Petal bubble),
-// kept at a low temperature so the translation is faithful rather than creative. Output is
-// trimmed of any stray surrounding quotes the model may add.
-func RunTranslate(ctx context.Context, client LLMClient, text string, lang Lang) (string, error) {
+// RunTranslate renders a short explanation out of the language it was written
+// in and into the other half of the writer's pair. It is a one-shot Complete
+// (the result seeds the Ask Petal bubble), kept at a low temperature so the
+// translation is faithful rather than creative. Output is trimmed of any stray
+// surrounding quotes the model may add.
+func RunTranslate(ctx context.Context, client LLMClient, text string, from, to Lang) (string, error) {
 	out, err := client.Complete(ctx, CompletionRequest{
-		Messages:          TranslateMessages(text, lang),
+		Messages:          TranslateMessages(text, from, to),
 		MaxTokens:         512,
 		Temperature:       0.2,
 		TopP:              0.9,

internal/llm/voice.go

@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@ const VoiceInterval = 20 * time.Second
 // The tone argument is accepted for a uniform pass signature but ignored: voice
 // consistency is judged against the document's own established voice, not an
 // externally-chosen register.
-func RunVoice(ctx context.Context, client LLMClient, contentText, _ string, _ Lang) ([]RawSuggestion, error) {
+func RunVoice(ctx context.Context, client LLMClient, contentText, _ string, t Target) ([]RawSuggestion, error) {
 	raw, err := client.Complete(ctx, CompletionRequest{
-		Messages:          VoiceMessages(contentText),
+		Messages:          VoiceMessages(contentText, t),
 		MaxTokens:         2048,
 		Temperature:       0.3,
 		RepetitionPenalty: 1.15,

internal/spell/handlers.go

@@ -8,8 +8,18 @@
 // so it belongs to her account rather than to a browser profile.
 //
 // Everything here is scoped by `lang` as well as by user. That is the language
-// of the *dictionary* that flagged the word, not the writer's own language: an
-// en-US personal word must not silence a pt-PT flag once the second pair ships.
+// of the *dictionary* the word was accepted against, not the writer's own.
+//
+// Phase 18 justified that key by saying an en-US personal word must not silence
+// a pt-PT flag once the second pair shipped. Phase 21 shipped it and the
+// justification did not survive: under the both-dictionaries rule
+// (SUGGESTIONS.md §3a) a word is only ever flagged when *every* loaded
+// dictionary rejected it, so there is no such thing as a pt-PT flag an English
+// exception could silence. What the key is actually good for is narrower and
+// still worth having — the rows say which dictionary each acceptance was made
+// against, so a pair that later loses or gains a dictionary keeps a truthful
+// record instead of one merged list of unknown provenance. The browser writes a
+// row per loaded dictionary when she accepts a word; see useSpellChecker.
 package spell
 
 import (
@@ -24,8 +34,9 @@ import (
 	"gitea.parodia.dev/drwily/petal/internal/httputil"
 )
 
-// DefaultLang is the dictionary assumed when a caller doesn't name one. Only
-// en-US ships today; pt-PT arrives with the first Latin pair.
+// DefaultLang is the dictionary assumed when a caller doesn't name one. English
+// is in every pair, so it is the safe assumption; pt-PT is named explicitly by
+// the pt-PT pair's second dictionary.
 const DefaultLang = "en"
 
 // MaxWordLen bounds a single entry. A personal dictionary holds words, and a

internal/suggestions/chat.go

@@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ func (h *Handler) chat(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	if err != nil {
 		// The stream never opened (e.g. LLM unreachable) — a normal JSON error is
 		// still appropriate since we haven't written SSE headers yet.
-		httputil.ErrorJSON(w, http.StatusBadGateway, "chat failed: "+err.Error())
+		httputil.UpstreamError(w, "chat", err)
 		return
 	}
 

internal/suggestions/chunk.go

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+package suggestions
+
+import (
+	"crypto/sha256"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"strings"
+	"unicode"
+)
+
+// Chunking splits a document into sentence-sized units so a re-check can ask the
+// model only about the sentences that actually changed. Accepting one edit used
+// to re-run the whole document: every card vanished, came back with a new id and
+// a freshly-worded explanation, and spans re-merged into different shapes. The
+// sentences she didn't touch have nothing new to say about themselves, so their
+// suggestions are simply kept (see reconcilePending).
+//
+// A chunk's identity is its hash, not its position — she inserts a paragraph at
+// the top and every sentence below keeps its suggestions.
+
+// chunk is one sentence of the document, with the hash that identifies it.
+type chunk struct {
+	text string
+	hash string
+}
+
+// asciiTerminators end a sentence only when whitespace (or the end of the text)
+// follows, so "3.5" and "Ms." don't split mid-word — a wrong split costs only a
+// slightly smaller chunk, but a split inside a number would churn its hash on
+// every keystroke around it.
+const asciiTerminators = ".!?"
+
+// cjkTerminators end a sentence outright: Chinese runs sentences together with
+// no space after 。, and she writes in both languages in one document.
+const cjkTerminators = "。！？"
+
+// closers are swallowed into the sentence they close, so the quote mark travels
+// with the sentence rather than opening the next one.
+const closers = `)]}"'’”」』`
+
+// splitChunks divides text into sentences, dropping whitespace-only runs.
+// Newlines always break a chunk, so a list or a line of dialogue is its own unit.
+//
+// `salt` distinguishes two *readings* of the same sentence. The grammar
+// checkpoint's advice depends on the document's tone — the same line gets
+// different notes as an academic essay than as a journal entry — so switching
+// tone must re-open every sentence rather than serve back advice written for the
+// old register.
+func splitChunks(text, salt string) []chunk {
+	var out []chunk
+	runes := []rune(text)
+	start := 0
+	add := func(end int) {
+		if s := string(runes[start:end]); strings.TrimSpace(s) != "" {
+			out = append(out, chunk{text: s, hash: hashChunk(s, salt)})
+		}
+		start = end
+	}
+
+	for i := 0; i < len(runes); i++ {
+		r := runes[i]
+		if r == '\n' {
+			add(i + 1)
+			continue
+		}
+		cjk := strings.ContainsRune(cjkTerminators, r)
+		if !cjk && !strings.ContainsRune(asciiTerminators, r) {
+			continue
+		}
+		// Swallow a run of terminators ("?!", "…") and any closing punctuation.
+		j := i + 1
+		for j < len(runes) && (strings.ContainsRune(asciiTerminators+cjkTerminators+closers, runes[j])) {
+			j++
+		}
+		if cjk || j >= len(runes) || unicode.IsSpace(runes[j]) {
+			add(j)
+			i = j - 1
+		}
+	}
+	if start < len(runes) {
+		add(len(runes))
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// hashChunk identifies a sentence by its content under the same normalization
+// the suppression logic uses: quote style and whitespace runs churn constantly
+// (the editor rewrites quotes as she types, a paragraph reflows) and none of
+// that changes what the sentence says, so none of it should cost a re-check.
+func hashChunk(s, salt string) string {
+	sum := sha256.Sum256([]byte(salt + "\x00" + normalizeForDedup(s)))
+	return hex.EncodeToString(sum[:])[:16]
+}
+
+// hashSet indexes chunks by hash — "is this sentence in the document?"
+func hashSet(chunks []chunk) map[string]bool {
+	out := make(map[string]bool, len(chunks))
+	for _, c := range chunks {
+		out[c.hash] = true
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// changedChunks returns the chunks whose hash wasn't in the last checked set,
+// in document order and deduplicated — a sentence repeated verbatim is one
+// question, not two.
+func changedChunks(chunks []chunk, checked map[string]bool) []chunk {
+	seen := make(map[string]bool, len(chunks))
+	var out []chunk
+	for _, c := range chunks {
+		if checked[c.hash] || seen[c.hash] {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[c.hash] = true
+		out = append(out, c)
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// joinChunks renders a chunk set as the text to hand the model: one sentence per
+// line, so two sentences pulled from opposite ends of the document don't read as
+// one run-on.
+func joinChunks(chunks []chunk) string {
+	parts := make([]string, 0, len(chunks))
+	for _, c := range chunks {
+		parts = append(parts, strings.TrimSpace(c.text))
+	}
+	return strings.Join(parts, "\n")
+}
+
+// chunkFor names the sentence a suggestion belongs to: the first chunk whose
+// text contains the flagged span. Returns "" when the span straddles a sentence
+// boundary or the model paraphrased what it quoted — such a row is re-examined
+// on every pass rather than cached, which is the safe direction.
+func chunkFor(original string, chunks []chunk) string {
+	o := normalizeForDedup(original)
+	if o == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	for _, c := range chunks {
+		if strings.Contains(normalizeForDedup(c.text), o) {
+			return c.hash
+		}
+	}
+	return ""
+}

internal/suggestions/chunk_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+package suggestions
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+func texts(chunks []chunk) []string {
+	out := make([]string, 0, len(chunks))
+	for _, c := range chunks {
+		out = append(out, strings.TrimSpace(c.text))
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+func TestSplitChunks(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name string
+		in   string
+		want []string
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "plain sentences",
+			in:   "I has two apple. She go to market yesterday! Why?",
+			want: []string{"I has two apple.", "She go to market yesterday!", "Why?"},
+		},
+		{
+			// A decimal must not split, or the sentence's identity would churn
+			// while she types the number.
+			name: "decimals stay whole",
+			in:   "It costs 3.50 today. Tomorrow, more.",
+			want: []string{"It costs 3.50 today.", "Tomorrow, more."},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "closing quote travels with its sentence",
+			in:   `He said "early," and left. She stayed.`,
+			want: []string{`He said "early," and left.`, "She stayed."},
+		},
+		{
+			// Chinese runs sentences together with no space after 。 — she writes
+			// in both languages in one document.
+			name: "cjk terminators split without a space",
+			in:   "我想说这句话。但是不知道用英语怎么说。",
+			want: []string{"我想说这句话。", "但是不知道用英语怎么说。"},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "newlines break chunks",
+			in:   "A list item\nAnother item\n",
+			want: []string{"A list item", "Another item"},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "blank runs are dropped",
+			in:   "\n\n  \nOnly this.\n\n",
+			want: []string{"Only this."},
+		},
+		{
+			name: "trailing fragment is its own chunk",
+			in:   "Done. Still writing",
+			want: []string{"Done.", "Still writing"},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			got := texts(splitChunks(tc.in, ""))
+			if len(got) != len(tc.want) {
+				t.Fatalf("want %q, got %q", tc.want, got)
+			}
+			for i := range got {
+				if got[i] != tc.want[i] {
+					t.Fatalf("chunk %d: want %q, got %q", i, tc.want[i], got[i])
+				}
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// A sentence's identity survives the churn that doesn't change what it says:
+// the editor rewrites quotes as she types, and a paragraph reflows.
+func TestChunkIdentityIgnoresCosmeticChurn(t *testing.T) {
+	a := splitChunks(`She said "hello" softly.`, "")
+	b := splitChunks("She said “hello”   softly.", "")
+	if len(a) != 1 || len(b) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("want one chunk each, got %d and %d", len(a), len(b))
+	}
+	if a[0].hash != b[0].hash {
+		t.Fatalf("quote/whitespace churn changed the sentence's identity")
+	}
+	if same := splitChunks(`She said "hello" softly.`, "academic"); same[0].hash == a[0].hash {
+		t.Fatalf("a different tone must be a different reading of the sentence")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestChangedChunksAndLookup(t *testing.T) {
+	chunks := splitChunks("One thing. Another thing. One thing.", "")
+	if len(chunks) != 3 {
+		t.Fatalf("want 3 chunks, got %d", len(chunks))
+	}
+
+	// A repeated sentence is one question, not two.
+	if got := changedChunks(chunks, nil); len(got) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("want 2 distinct changed chunks, got %d", len(got))
+	}
+
+	checked := hashSet(chunks[:1])
+	changed := changedChunks(chunks, checked)
+	if len(changed) != 1 || strings.TrimSpace(changed[0].text) != "Another thing." {
+		t.Fatalf("want only the unread sentence, got %q", texts(changed))
+	}
+
+	if chunkFor("Another", chunks) != chunks[1].hash {
+		t.Fatalf("span was attributed to the wrong sentence")
+	}
+	// A span the document doesn't contain has no sentence, so it is never cached.
+	if chunkFor("nowhere in here", chunks) != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("unanchorable span should have no chunk")
+	}
+}

internal/suggestions/doclang.go

@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+package suggestions
+
+import "strings"
+
+// What language is this DOCUMENT in — as opposed to this span.
+//
+// `readsAsPairLang` next door answers a span-level question for the purpose of
+// labelling one card, and it is written to under-claim: two marker words, or
+// nothing. A whole document needs the opposite temperament. A proportion, not a
+// presence — one Portuguese quotation inside an English essay must not flip the
+// entire pass into Portuguese, and one English sentence at the end of a
+// Portuguese journal must not keep it in English.
+//
+// Three properties, in the order they bite:
+//
+//   - Decided over the WHOLE document, never a chunk. The grammar checkpoint
+//     sends only the sentences that changed, so a verdict computed from what it
+//     asked about would put an English card in a Portuguese journal the moment
+//     she edits its one English line. The caller passes content_text, always.
+//
+//   - Hysteresis. A bilingual paragraph sits near whatever single threshold we
+//     pick, and a document crossing it every few keystrokes would alternate card
+//     languages between passes — the same instability the mascot needed a band
+//     for. Flip to the pair at 70% and back only below 40%; in between, whatever
+//     it was last time stands. The band is the feature, not a rounding
+//     tolerance.
+//
+//   - Plain code, no model call. The house rule is that the LLM is garnish,
+//     never a gatekeeper: a document must not become uncheckable because the
+//     inference box is down.
+const (
+	docLangEnglish = "en"
+	docLangPair    = "pair"
+)
+
+// The band. Deliberately wide: the cost of an unnecessary flip is every card in
+// the document changing language, which is far more startling than a paragraph
+// of mixed writing being read as whichever language it was a minute ago.
+const (
+	flipToPairAt       = 0.70
+	flipToEnglishBelow = 0.40
+)
+
+// documentLang returns the language verdict for a document, given the verdict it
+// carried before. `prev` is "" for a document that has never been read.
+//
+// The result is one of docLangEnglish / docLangPair — not a language code. Which
+// language "pair" means is the writer's `pair_lang`, and keeping the stored
+// verdict relative to her pair means changing her pair doesn't strand a stale
+// language name on every document she owns.
+func documentLang(contentText, pairLang, prev string) string {
+	if prev != docLangPair {
+		prev = docLangEnglish
+	}
+	p := normalizePairLang(pairLang)
+	if !hasLangTest(p) {
+		// No test for this pair: say English, which is what every surface did
+		// before this phase. A wrong flip is louder than a missing one.
+		return docLangEnglish
+	}
+
+	var pair, english int
+	for _, c := range splitChunks(contentText, "") {
+		switch sentenceLang(c.text, p) {
+		case docLangPair:
+			pair++
+		case docLangEnglish:
+			english++
+		}
+	}
+	decided := pair + english
+	if decided == 0 {
+		// Nothing to go on — an empty document, a list of numbers, a title. Hold
+		// the previous verdict rather than resetting a Portuguese journal to
+		// English because she cleared it to start again.
+		return prev
+	}
+
+	ratio := float64(pair) / float64(decided)
+	switch {
+	case ratio >= flipToPairAt && corroborated(contentText, p):
+		return docLangPair
+	case ratio < flipToEnglishBelow:
+		return docLangEnglish
+	default:
+		return prev
+	}
+}
+
+// sentenceLang classifies one sentence as pair-language, English, or neither.
+//
+// Neither is a real answer and carries weight: a sentence with no evidence
+// either way ("Bom dia.", "OK.", a heading) is left out of the ratio entirely
+// rather than counted for the language it isn't. Counting the undecided as
+// English is what would keep a Portuguese document in English forever, since
+// short sentences carry no markers.
+func sentenceLang(s, p string) string {
+	if p == "zh" {
+		han, latin := scriptCounts(s)
+		switch {
+		case han >= 2 && han > latin:
+			return docLangPair
+		case latin >= 3 && latin > han:
+			return docLangEnglish
+		}
+		return ""
+	}
+	// A Latin pair shares its alphabet with English, so both sides are counted
+	// the same way and the larger pile of evidence wins. A tie — including no
+	// evidence at all — is no answer, which is why the English list below is
+	// curated as carefully against the pair languages as theirs is against
+	// English.
+	pair := distinctMarkers(s, latinMarkers[p])
+	eng := distinctMarkers(s, englishMarkers)
+	switch {
+	case pair > eng:
+		return docLangPair
+	case eng > pair:
+		return docLangEnglish
+	}
+	return ""
+}
+
+// corroborated requires the document as a whole to carry real evidence of the
+// pair language before the pass flips into it. A two-sentence document of
+// "Sim." / "Não." would otherwise reach 100% on almost nothing; a flip changes
+// every card in the document, so it has to be earned document-wide and not only
+// in proportion.
+func corroborated(contentText, p string) bool {
+	if p == "zh" {
+		han, _ := scriptCounts(contentText)
+		return han >= 8
+	}
+	return distinctMarkers(contentText, latinMarkers[p]) >= 3
+}
+
+// hasLangTest reports whether readsAsPairLang / sentenceLang know how to test
+// this pair at all. Kept beside the tests it describes so a new pair that adds
+// markers without adding itself here fails loudly in review rather than quietly
+// at runtime.
+func hasLangTest(p string) bool {
+	if p == "zh" {
+		return true
+	}
+	return len(latinMarkers[p]) > 0
+}
+
+// English function words, curated against the pair languages exactly as
+// `latinMarkers` is curated against English.
+//
+// Every word here is one a Portuguese, French or Spanish sentence has no reason
+// to contain. Deliberately absent, each a false English vote waiting to happen
+// in someone's own language: "on" and "son" (French), "as", "a", "o", "e", "no",
+// "os" (Portuguese), "no", "para", "sin" (Spanish), and "is"-alikes that are
+// really other languages' words. The list is short on purpose — it does not need
+// coverage, only a reliable vote in the sentences where the pair list is silent.
+var englishMarkers = words(
+	"the", "and", "is", "are", "was", "were", "be", "been", "being",
+	"of", "to", "that", "this", "these", "those", "with", "from", "for",
+	"have", "has", "had", "they", "them", "their", "there", "then", "than",
+	"what", "which", "when", "where", "why", "how", "who",
+	"will", "would", "should", "could", "can", "about", "because",
+	"into", "some", "such", "only", "very", "much", "many", "other",
+	"our", "your", "its", "it", "he", "she", "we", "you", "but", "not",
+	"just", "like", "also", "most", "over", "after", "before", "between",
+	"through", "said", "says", "get", "got", "make", "made", "know", "think",
+	"thing", "things", "time", "people", "here", "always", "never", "something",
+	"want", "need", "feel", "day", "today", "good", "really", "still", "even",
+)
+
+// normalizeDocLang folds a stored verdict into the two values the rest of the
+// code reasons about: the column holds "" for a document nothing has read yet,
+// and that means English, which is what every surface did before this phase.
+func normalizeDocLang(v string) string {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(v) == docLangPair {
+		return docLangPair
+	}
+	return docLangEnglish
+}

internal/suggestions/doclang_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,536 @@
+package suggestions
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/go-chi/chi/v5"
+
+	"gitea.parodia.dev/drwily/petal/internal/auth"
+	"gitea.parodia.dev/drwily/petal/internal/db"
+	"gitea.parodia.dev/drwily/petal/internal/llm"
+)
+
+// A monolingual document in either language has to be read as that language, and
+// the mixed cases in between are where the whole design lives: one quotation
+// must not move a document, and one leftover English line must not hold a
+// journal in English.
+func TestDocumentLangReadsWholeDocuments(t *testing.T) {
+	const ptJournal = "Hoje foi um dia muito bom. Eu gosto de escrever aqui todas as noites. " +
+		"A minha irmã também quer aprender. Não sei porque isso é tão difícil para mim."
+	const enEssay = "The weather was very cold this morning. I think that the bus was late again. " +
+		"She told me about the meeting, but I could not hear what they said."
+	const zhJournal = "今天天气很好。我和妹妹一起去公园散步。我们看到很多花。"
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name     string
+		text     string
+		pairLang string
+		prev     string
+		want     string
+	}{
+		{"portuguese journal", ptJournal, "pt-PT", "", docLangPair},
+		{"english essay", enEssay, "pt-PT", "", docLangEnglish},
+		{"chinese journal", zhJournal, "zh", "", docLangPair},
+		{"english essay, zh writer", enEssay, "zh", "", docLangEnglish},
+
+		// One English sentence at the end of a Portuguese journal is the case that
+		// motivated the whole phase: the pass must stay in Portuguese.
+		{
+			"portuguese with one english line",
+			ptJournal + " I will write more tomorrow.",
+			"pt-PT", "", docLangPair,
+		},
+		// And the mirror: an English essay quoting a line of Portuguese is still an
+		// English essay.
+		{
+			"english quoting portuguese",
+			enEssay + " She wrote: \"Eu não sei o que dizer.\"",
+			"pt-PT", "", docLangEnglish,
+		},
+		// A pair Petal has no test for cannot flip anything. Saying English is what
+		// every surface did before this phase.
+		{"untested pair", ptJournal, "de", "", docLangEnglish},
+		// Nothing to go on holds the previous answer rather than resetting a
+		// journal because she cleared it to start again.
+		{"emptied portuguese journal", "", "pt-PT", docLangPair, docLangPair},
+		{"emptied english essay", "   \n  ", "pt-PT", docLangEnglish, docLangEnglish},
+		// Proportion, not presence: a couple of Portuguese words are not a
+		// Portuguese document even though readsAsPairLang would label that span.
+		{
+			"english with a portuguese phrase",
+			enEssay + " The sign said pão com manteiga.",
+			"pt-PT", "", docLangEnglish,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range tests {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := documentLang(tc.text, tc.pairLang, tc.prev); got != tc.want {
+				t.Fatalf("documentLang = %q, want %q", got, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// The band, from both directions. A document sitting inside it keeps whatever it
+// was, and that is the point: without it, a bilingual paragraph would alternate
+// its cards' language every few keystrokes as she typed across the threshold.
+func TestDocumentLangHysteresis(t *testing.T) {
+	// Half and half: two Portuguese sentences, two English ones. Inside the band
+	// from either side.
+	const mixed = "Eu gosto muito de escrever aqui. A minha irmã não sabe porque é difícil. " +
+		"The weather was very cold this morning. I think that they said the same thing."
+
+	if got := documentLang(mixed, "pt-PT", docLangEnglish); got != docLangEnglish {
+		t.Fatalf("mixed document from english = %q, want it to stay %q", got, docLangEnglish)
+	}
+	if got := documentLang(mixed, "pt-PT", docLangPair); got != docLangPair {
+		t.Fatalf("mixed document from pair = %q, want it to stay %q", got, docLangPair)
+	}
+
+	// Above the upper threshold it flips regardless of where it came from; below
+	// the lower one it flips back regardless.
+	const mostlyPT = "Eu gosto muito de escrever aqui. A minha irmã não sabe porque é difícil. " +
+		"Hoje foi um dia bom para mim. Amanhã também quero escrever mais uma coisa. " +
+		"I think so too."
+	if got := documentLang(mostlyPT, "pt-PT", docLangEnglish); got != docLangPair {
+		t.Fatalf("mostly-portuguese from english = %q, want %q", got, docLangPair)
+	}
+	const mostlyEN = "The weather was very cold this morning. I think that they said the same thing. " +
+		"She could not hear what the other people were saying about it. Eu não sei."
+	if got := documentLang(mostlyEN, "pt-PT", docLangPair); got != docLangEnglish {
+		t.Fatalf("mostly-english from pair = %q, want %q", got, docLangEnglish)
+	}
+}
+
+// Corroboration: a proportion computed over almost nothing is not evidence. Two
+// bare words at 100% must not flip a document, because a flip rewrites every
+// card in it.
+func TestDocumentLangNeedsCorroboration(t *testing.T) {
+	if got := documentLang("Não. Eu.", "pt-PT", docLangEnglish); got != docLangEnglish {
+		t.Fatalf("two bare words flipped the document: %q", got)
+	}
+	if got := documentLang("我。", "zh", docLangEnglish); got != docLangEnglish {
+		t.Fatalf("two Han runes flipped the document: %q", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// The Portuguese half of the same rule, and the bug it was reported as: "the
+// Portuguese option isn't translating the advice in English — it's just
+// reprinting Portuguese."
+//
+// Nothing was wrong with targetFor when that was reported. It was reading a
+// direction the account could not leave: `learnerPairs` held only zh, so every
+// pt-PT writer was learning_en by force and this function correctly explained a
+// Portuguese document in Portuguese. Pinned here rather than only in the auth
+// package because this is where the consequence actually lands — the language
+// the writer reads her advice in.
+func TestTargetExplainsPortugueseInEnglishForALearner(t *testing.T) {
+	learner := targetFor("pt-PT", auth.DirectionLearningPair, docLangPair)
+	if learner.Correct.Code != "pt-PT" {
+		t.Fatalf("corrected in %s, want the document's own Portuguese", learner.Correct.Code)
+	}
+	if learner.Explain.Code != "en" {
+		t.Fatalf("explained in %s, want English", learner.Explain.Code)
+	}
+
+	// And the native Portuguese speaker practising English is untouched: her
+	// Portuguese is still explained in Portuguese.
+	native := targetFor("pt-PT", auth.DirectionLearningEn, docLangPair)
+	if native.Correct.Code != "pt-PT" || native.Explain.Code != "pt-PT" {
+		t.Fatalf("learning_en on a Portuguese document: correct=%s explain=%s", native.Correct.Code, native.Explain.Code)
+	}
+}
+
+// The two language decisions are genuinely independent, and zh was the first
+// pair that could prove it — the first that could be travelled in both
+// directions.
+//
+// A Mandarin native practising English who writes Chinese wants Chinese
+// corrections explained in Chinese. An English native learning Chinese who writes
+// Chinese wants the same Chinese corrections explained in English. Same document,
+// same Correct, different Explain.
+func TestTargetSeparatesCorrectedFromExplained(t *testing.T) {
+	learningEn := targetFor("zh", auth.DirectionLearningEn, docLangPair)
+	if learningEn.Correct.Code != "zh" || learningEn.Explain.Code != "zh" {
+		t.Fatalf("learning_en on a Chinese document: correct=%s explain=%s", learningEn.Correct.Code, learningEn.Explain.Code)
+	}
+
+	learningPair := targetFor("zh", auth.DirectionLearningPair, docLangPair)
+	if learningPair.Correct.Code != "zh" {
+		t.Fatalf("learner direction changed what gets corrected: %s", learningPair.Correct.Code)
+	}
+	if learningPair.Explain.Code != "en" {
+		t.Fatalf("learner direction explained in %s, want English", learningPair.Explain.Code)
+	}
+
+	// An English document is the path every account is on today, in either
+	// direction: English corrections, English explanations, her language still on
+	// the Ask Petal and translate taps.
+	for _, dir := range []string{auth.DirectionLearningEn, auth.DirectionLearningPair} {
+		got := targetFor("zh", dir, docLangEnglish)
+		if got.Flipped() || got.Explain.Code != "en" {
+			t.Fatalf("english document with direction %s: %+v", dir, got)
+		}
+		if got.Pair.Code != "zh" {
+			t.Fatalf("english document lost the writer's pair: %+v", got)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// newDirectedServer seeds one writer on a given pair and direction, with a
+// document of her own. Like newPairServer, but the direction is the variable.
+func newDirectedServer(t *testing.T, client llm.LLMClient, pairLang, direction, text string) (http.Handler, string, *Handler) {
+	t.Helper()
+	database, err := db.Open(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "doclang.db"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("open db: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { database.Close() })
+
+	const userID = "writer-directed"
+	if _, err := database.Exec(
+		`INSERT INTO users (id, email, display_name, pair_lang, direction) VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`,
+		userID, "d@example.com", "Writer", pairLang, direction,
+	); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("seed user: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var docID string
+	if err := database.QueryRow(
+		`INSERT INTO documents (user_id, content_text) VALUES (?, ?) RETURNING id`,
+		userID, text,
+	).Scan(&docID); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("seed doc: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	h := New(database, client)
+	h.Limit = llm.NewRateLimiter(0)
+	h.VoiceLimit = llm.NewRateLimiter(0)
+	r := chi.NewRouter()
+	r.Route("/docs", func(dr chi.Router) { h.RegisterDocRoutes(dr) })
+	r.Mount("/suggestions", h.Routes())
+	return auth.Middleware(auth.StaticResolver(userID))(r), docID, h
+}
+
+const ptDocument = "Hoje foi um dia muito bom. Eu gosto de escrever aqui todas as noites. " +
+	"A minha irmã também quer aprender comigo. Não sei porque isso é tão difícil para mim."
+
+// End to end: a Portuguese document reaches the model as a Portuguese
+// checkpoint. This is the observed bug from 2026-07-28 — two pt-PT sentences
+// drew no cards at all, because Petal was reading them as bad English.
+func TestCheckpointFollowsTheDocumentLanguage(t *testing.T) {
+	client := &stubClient{response: `{"suggestions":[]}`}
+	srv, docID, _ := newDirectedServer(t, client, "pt-PT", auth.DirectionLearningEn, ptDocument)
+
+	if rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/check", ""); rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("check: code=%d body=%s", rec.Code, rec.Body)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(client.lastPrompt, "European Portuguese") {
+		t.Fatalf("checkpoint didn't follow the document into Portuguese:\n%s", client.lastPrompt)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(client.lastPrompt, "second language") {
+		t.Fatalf("checkpoint kept the ESL framing on a Portuguese document:\n%s", client.lastPrompt)
+	}
+
+	// And the voice pass, which had no language argument at all before this phase.
+	if rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/voice", ""); rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("voice: code=%d body=%s", rec.Code, rec.Body)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(client.lastPrompt, "European Portuguese") {
+		t.Fatalf("voice pass didn't follow the document:\n%s", client.lastPrompt)
+	}
+}
+
+// The verdict is persisted, because hysteresis needs a yesterday.
+func TestDocumentLangIsRemembered(t *testing.T) {
+	client := &stubClient{response: `{"suggestions":[]}`}
+	srv, docID, h := newDirectedServer(t, client, "pt-PT", auth.DirectionLearningEn, ptDocument)
+
+	if rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/check", ""); rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("check: code=%d body=%s", rec.Code, rec.Body)
+	}
+	var stored string
+	if err := h.DB.QueryRow(`SELECT doc_lang FROM documents WHERE id = ?`, docID).Scan(&stored); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read doc_lang: %v", err)
+	}
+	if stored != docLangPair {
+		t.Fatalf("doc_lang = %q, want %q", stored, docLangPair)
+	}
+}
+
+// A document that changes language re-opens every sentence. Without the verdict
+// in the chunk salt, the sentences she didn't touch would keep serving cards
+// written in the language the document no longer speaks.
+func TestLanguageFlipReopensCheckedSentences(t *testing.T) {
+	client := &stubClient{response: `{"suggestions":[]}`}
+	const enStart = "The weather was very cold this morning."
+	srv, docID, h := newDirectedServer(t, client, "pt-PT", auth.DirectionLearningEn, enStart)
+
+	if rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/check", ""); rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("first check: code=%d body=%s", rec.Code, rec.Body)
+	}
+	first := client.calls
+
+	// She rewrites the document in Portuguese, keeping the first sentence.
+	setDocText(t, h, docID, enStart+" "+ptDocument)
+	if rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/check", ""); rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("second check: code=%d body=%s", rec.Code, rec.Body)
+	}
+	if client.calls == first {
+		t.Fatal("the flipped document was never sent to the model")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(client.lastPrompt, "The weather was very cold") {
+		t.Fatalf("the already-checked sentence was not re-opened by the flip:\n%s", client.lastPrompt)
+	}
+}
+
+// The translate card, pointed the other way. She is writing her journal in
+// Portuguese and drops in the one English sentence she knows; Petal renders it
+// into Portuguese, and that card is a translation — not a correction to prose
+// that was never wrong.
+func TestEnglishSpanBecomesATranslateCardInAPortugueseDocument(t *testing.T) {
+	const english = "I want to say this but I don't know how to say it."
+	// The model volunteers "clarity", as it did for the zh case. Not consulted.
+	client := &stubClient{response: `{"suggestions":[
+		{"original":"` + english + `","replacement":"Eu quero dizer isto mas não sei como o dizer.","explanation":"Aqui está em português.","type":"clarity"}
+	]}`}
+	srv, docID, _ := newDirectedServer(t, client, "pt-PT", auth.DirectionLearningEn, ptDocument+" "+english)
+
+	var out []db.Suggestion
+	rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/check", "")
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("check: code=%d body=%s", rec.Code, rec.Body)
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &out); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decode: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(out) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("want 1 card, got %d: %+v", len(out), out)
+	}
+	if out[0].Type != db.SuggestionTypeTranslate {
+		t.Fatalf("card type = %q, want %q", out[0].Type, db.SuggestionTypeTranslate)
+	}
+}
+
+// And the half that keeps it honest: a genuine Portuguese correction in the same
+// document stays a correction. Reading the English-document test backwards would
+// have called this a translation, because every Portuguese sentence also "reads
+// as English" by that test's deliberately low bar.
+func TestPortugueseCorrectionKeepsItsTypeInAPortugueseDocument(t *testing.T) {
+	client := &stubClient{response: `{"suggestions":[
+		{"original":"Não sei porque isso é tão difícil para mim.","replacement":"Não sei porque isto é tão difícil para mim.","explanation":"Aqui usa-se isto.","type":"grammar"}
+	]}`}
+	srv, docID, _ := newDirectedServer(t, client, "pt-PT", auth.DirectionLearningEn, ptDocument)
+
+	var out []db.Suggestion
+	rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/check", "")
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("check: code=%d body=%s", rec.Code, rec.Body)
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &out); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decode: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(out) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("want 1 card, got %d: %+v", len(out), out)
+	}
+	if out[0].Type == db.SuggestionTypeTranslate {
+		t.Fatal("a Portuguese correction inside a Portuguese document was labelled a translation")
+	}
+}
+
+// setDocLang writes a document's language verdict directly, so a test of the
+// tap-through doesn't have to run a checkpoint through the same stub client to
+// get one.
+func setDocLang(t *testing.T, h *Handler, docID, lang string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if _, err := h.DB.Exec(`UPDATE documents SET doc_lang = ? WHERE id = ?`, lang, docID); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("set doc_lang: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// seedExplanation files one card carrying a given explanation and returns its
+// id — the shape the translate tap-through needs, where only the explanation and
+// the document it hangs off matter.
+func seedExplanation(t *testing.T, h *Handler, docID, explanation string) string {
+	t.Helper()
+	var sugID string
+	if err := h.DB.QueryRow(
+		`INSERT INTO suggestions (doc_id, original, replacement, explanation, type, from_pos, to_pos)
+		 VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, 0, 5) RETURNING id`,
+		docID, "isso", "isto", explanation, "grammar",
+	).Scan(&sugID); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("seed suggestion: %v", err)
+	}
+	return sugID
+}
+
+// The tap-through has to read the same decision the card was written under. On a
+// Portuguese document by a Portuguese writer the explanation already arrived in
+// Portuguese, so the destination is the other half of the pair — the English she
+// is practising — and never Portuguese into Portuguese again.
+//
+// This pins the report that "Petal presents the Ask Petal advice in both
+// sections as Portuguese": the endpoint used to answer "" here, which left the
+// card Portuguese, the bubble beneath it the same Portuguese, and no English on
+// the card at all for a writer whose whole reason for the pair is English.
+func TestTranslateRendersHerExplanationIntoTheEnglishSheIsLearning(t *testing.T) {
+	client := &stubClient{response: "Use this one here."}
+	srv, docID, h := newDirectedServer(t, client, "pt-PT", auth.DirectionLearningEn, ptDocument)
+	setDocLang(t, h, docID, docLangPair)
+	sugID := seedExplanation(t, h, docID, "Aqui usa-se isto.")
+
+	rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/suggestions/"+sugID+"/translate", "")
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("translate: code=%d body=%s", rec.Code, rec.Body)
+	}
+	var out translateResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &out); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decode: %v", err)
+	}
+	if out.Translation == "" {
+		t.Fatal("a Portuguese explanation left the tap with nowhere to go")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(client.lastPrompt, "into natural, friendly English") {
+		t.Fatalf("translate didn't render into English:\n%s", client.lastPrompt)
+	}
+	if strings.Contains(client.lastPrompt, "into natural, friendly European Portuguese") {
+		t.Fatalf("the model was asked to render Portuguese into Portuguese:\n%s", client.lastPrompt)
+	}
+}
+
+// The learner travelling the other way is the case that proves the endpoint
+// derives its destination rather than skipping whenever a document is flipped: a
+// native English speaker learning Chinese, writing Chinese, gets her
+// explanations in English — and the tap still has somewhere to go.
+func TestTranslateStillRendersForALearnersEnglishExplanation(t *testing.T) {
+	const zhDocument = "今天天气很好。我早上去公园散步。下午我在家里写作业。晚上我和朋友一起吃饭。"
+	client := &stubClient{response: "这里应该用这个。"}
+	srv, docID, h := newDirectedServer(t, client, "zh", auth.DirectionLearningPair, zhDocument)
+	setDocLang(t, h, docID, docLangPair)
+	sugID := seedExplanation(t, h, docID, "This measure word doesn't fit here.")
+
+	rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/suggestions/"+sugID+"/translate", "")
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("translate: code=%d body=%s", rec.Code, rec.Body)
+	}
+	var out translateResponse
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &out); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decode: %v", err)
+	}
+	if out.Translation == "" {
+		t.Fatal("a learner's English explanation was left untranslated")
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(client.lastPrompt, "Simplified Chinese") {
+		t.Fatalf("translate didn't render into the pair language:\n%s", client.lastPrompt)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestPassAnnouncesItsVerdict pins the header the client reads. Storing the
+// verdict on the document row is not enough on its own: the editor sees that row
+// only when the document is opened or saved, and the pass that decides the
+// verdict runs *after* a save — so the client would always be one save behind,
+// and read-aloud is reached for exactly when she has stopped typing and no
+// further save is coming. Caught in a browser: a Portuguese paragraph read in an
+// American voice, twice, until another keystroke went in.
+//
+// Asserted on both endpoints that can flip it, and on the empty-document early
+// return, which answers without ever reaching the model.
+func TestPassAnnouncesItsVerdict(t *testing.T) {
+	client := &stubClient{response: `{"suggestions":[]}`}
+	srv, docID, h := newDirectedServer(t, client, "pt-PT", auth.DirectionLearningEn, ptDocument)
+
+	for _, path := range []string{"/check", "/voice"} {
+		rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+path, "")
+		if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: code=%d body=%s", path, rec.Code, rec.Body)
+		}
+		if got := rec.Header().Get("X-Petal-Doc-Lang"); got != docLangPair {
+			t.Fatalf("%s: X-Petal-Doc-Lang = %q, want %q", path, got, docLangPair)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// An English document says so rather than saying nothing — the client has to
+	// be able to hear a flip back, not just a flip away.
+	if _, err := h.DB.Exec(
+		`UPDATE documents SET content_text = ?, doc_lang = '' WHERE id = ?`,
+		"The weather was very cold this morning. I walked to the shop and bought some bread.", docID,
+	); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("rewrite doc: %v", err)
+	}
+	rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/check", "")
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("check: code=%d body=%s", rec.Code, rec.Body)
+	}
+	if got := rec.Header().Get("X-Petal-Doc-Lang"); got != docLangEnglish {
+		t.Fatalf("English document: X-Petal-Doc-Lang = %q, want %q", got, docLangEnglish)
+	}
+
+	// The empty-document path returns before the model call, and still answers.
+	if _, err := h.DB.Exec(`UPDATE documents SET content_text = '' WHERE id = ?`, docID); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("empty doc: %v", err)
+	}
+	rec = do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/check", "")
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("empty check: code=%d body=%s", rec.Code, rec.Body)
+	}
+	if got := rec.Header().Get("X-Petal-Doc-Lang"); got == "" {
+		t.Fatal("empty document answered with no verdict header at all")
+	}
+}
+
+// TestOrdinaryProseIsEnoughEvidence is the regression for what the marker lists
+// were caught doing on 2026-07-29, live, in a browser: unremarkable Portuguese
+// read as English, because the list was curated against English so tightly that
+// it had also been curated against ordinary writing. The document below scored
+// two pair markers and zero English ones, and two is below the corroboration
+// floor — so a paragraph with no evidence of English in it at all came back
+// English, and was corrected and read aloud as English.
+//
+// Every sample here is prose a person might actually write, not prose chosen to
+// contain markers. That is the whole point of the test: the failure was invisible
+// to a suite whose fixtures all argued their own case.
+func TestOrdinaryProseIsEnoughEvidence(t *testing.T) {
+	samples := []struct{ name, text string }{
+		{"the one seen live", "Esta manhã acordei cedo e fui correr ao longo da marginal. O ar estava fresco e havia poucas pessoas na rua. Depois comprei um jornal e li-o sentado num banco ao sol."},
+		{"an afternoon out", "Hoje o céu estava limpo e fomos até ao jardim junto ao rio. A minha mãe trouxe uma manta velha e sentámos-nos debaixo de uma árvore."},
+		{"plans", "Amanhã vamos ao cinema depois do trabalho. Ontem estava demasiado cansada para sair de casa."},
+	}
+	for _, s := range samples {
+		if got := documentLang(s.text, "pt-PT", ""); got != docLangPair {
+			t.Errorf("%s: documentLang = %q, want %q — ordinary Portuguese must not read as English\n%s",
+				s.name, got, docLangPair, s.text)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestEnglishDidNotGetEasierToMistake is the other half, and the reason the
+// additions were held to "a word an English sentence has no reason to contain".
+// Widening a marker list is only safe if it widens in one direction: these are
+// English documents, including ones about Portugal and ones quoting Portuguese,
+// and every one of them must still come back English.
+func TestEnglishDidNotGetEasierToMistake(t *testing.T) {
+	samples := []struct{ name, text string }{
+		{"plain English", "This morning I woke up early and went for a run along the seafront. The air was fresh and there were few people about. Afterwards I bought a newspaper and read it on a bench."},
+		{"English about Portugal", "We spent a week in Lisbon last summer. The trams were crowded but the food was wonderful, and we walked up to the castle every evening."},
+		{"English quoting her", "My mother always says \"até amanhã\" when she leaves, never goodbye. I asked her why once and she said it sounded less final to her."},
+		{"an English diary", "Today was long. I had two meetings before lunch and another one after, and by the time I got home I could not think straight. Tomorrow should be quieter."},
+	}
+	for _, s := range samples {
+		if got := documentLang(s.text, "pt-PT", ""); got != docLangEnglish {
+			t.Errorf("%s: documentLang = %q, want %q — the widened list must not pull English across\n%s",
+				s.name, got, docLangEnglish, s.text)
+		}
+	}
+	// And the same document must not flip once it is already sitting in English:
+	// the hysteresis band is only a safety net if the low side holds too.
+	for _, s := range samples {
+		if got := documentLang(s.text, "pt-PT", docLangEnglish); got != docLangEnglish {
+			t.Errorf("%s: held verdict flipped to %q", s.name, got)
+		}
+	}
+}

internal/suggestions/growth.go

@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+package suggestions
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+
+	"gitea.parodia.dev/drwily/petal/internal/auth"
+	"gitea.parodia.dev/drwily/petal/internal/httputil"
+	"gitea.parodia.dev/drwily/petal/internal/vocab"
+)
+
+// The growth journal.
+//
+// The suggestions table already records everything this needs — it is purely a
+// read-side view, with no new capture and no model call. Two framing rules
+// decide what may appear here, and they are enforced in the SQL rather than left
+// to the copy:
+//
+//  1. It reports growth, never an error tally. Nothing counts what she got
+//     wrong this month; the signals are things that *stopped* happening and
+//     phrasing that *stuck*.
+//  2. It only ever compares the writer to her own past self. There is no
+//     target, no average, no other user anywhere in these queries.
+//
+// A quiet month is quiet: every signal below is omitted rather than softened
+// when the data isn't there, because an invented milestone is worse than none.
+
+// Journal is one writer's growth over the recent windows.
+type Journal struct {
+	// Kept / KeptBefore are edits she took on board in the last 30 days and in
+	// the 30 before that — her own past self, the only comparison offered.
+	Kept       int `json:"kept"`
+	KeptBefore int `json:"kept_before"`
+	// Stuck: phrasing she was given that now turns up across her own writing.
+	Stuck []Chunk `json:"stuck"`
+	// Faded: things she used to need fixing and hasn't, recently.
+	Faded []Fade `json:"faded"`
+}
+
+// Chunk is a phrase that has stuck: it appears in Docs of her documents now.
+type Chunk struct {
+	Phrase string `json:"phrase"`
+	Docs   int    `json:"docs"`
+}
+
+// Fade is a pattern that has stopped appearing. Times is how often it came up
+// during the earlier window — context for "and not since", never a scoreboard.
+type Fade struct {
+	Pattern string `json:"pattern"`
+	Times   int    `json:"times"`
+}
+
+// Journal windows, in days. `recent` is the month being reported on; `history`
+// reaches back far enough that a pattern's absence means something (one quiet
+// fortnight doesn't).
+const (
+	recentDays  = 30
+	historyDays = 120
+	maxSignals  = 3 // per list: a journal is a couple of warm lines, not a report
+)
+
+// growth serves GET /api/suggestions/growth.
+func (h *Handler) growth(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	userID := auth.UserID(r.Context())
+	j := Journal{Stuck: []Chunk{}, Faded: []Fade{}}
+
+	err := h.DB.QueryRow(
+		`SELECT
+		   sum(CASE WHEN s.resolved_at >= datetime('now', '-30 days') THEN 1 ELSE 0 END),
+		   sum(CASE WHEN s.resolved_at <  datetime('now', '-30 days')
+		             AND s.resolved_at >= datetime('now', '-60 days') THEN 1 ELSE 0 END)
+		   FROM suggestions s JOIN documents d ON d.id = s.doc_id
+		  WHERE d.user_id = ? AND s.status = 'accepted' AND s.resolved_at IS NOT NULL`,
+		userID,
+	).Scan(&nullInt{&j.Kept}, &nullInt{&j.KeptBefore})
+	if err != nil {
+		httputil.ServerError(w, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	stuck, err := h.stuck(userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		httputil.ServerError(w, err)
+		return
+	}
+	j.Stuck = stuck
+
+	faded, err := h.faded(userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		httputil.ServerError(w, err)
+		return
+	}
+	j.Faded = faded
+
+	httputil.WriteJSON(w, http.StatusOK, j)
+}
+
+// stuck finds accepted phrasing that now appears in more than one of her own
+// documents. One document is just the edit itself, still sitting where it was
+// applied; a second is her reaching for the phrase on her own, which is the
+// whole claim the line makes.
+func (h *Handler) stuck(userID string) ([]Chunk, error) {
+	rows, err := h.DB.Query(
+		`SELECT DISTINCT s.replacement
+		   FROM suggestions s JOIN documents d ON d.id = s.doc_id
+		  WHERE d.user_id = ? AND s.status = 'accepted'
+		    AND s.resolved_at >= datetime('now', '-120 days')
+		    AND trim(s.replacement) != ''
+		  ORDER BY s.resolved_at DESC
+		  LIMIT 40`,
+		userID,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	// vocab.PhraseKey is the same definition of "a learnable chunk" the garden
+	// plants, so the journal and the garden can never disagree about what counts.
+	var phrases []string
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var replacement string
+		if err := rows.Scan(&replacement); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if key := vocab.PhraseKey(replacement); key != "" {
+			phrases = append(phrases, key)
+		}
+	}
+	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	out := []Chunk{}
+	for _, p := range phrases {
+		var docs int
+		if err := h.DB.QueryRow(
+			`SELECT count(*) FROM documents WHERE user_id = ? AND instr(lower(content_text), ?) > 0`,
+			userID, p,
+		).Scan(&docs); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if docs >= 2 {
+			out = append(out, Chunk{Phrase: p, Docs: docs})
+		}
+	}
+	sortDesc(out, func(c Chunk) int { return c.Docs })
+	return trim(out, maxSignals), nil
+}
+
+// faded finds patterns she used to be corrected on during the earlier part of
+// the history window and hasn't been since.
+//
+// The guard that makes this honest: it says nothing at all unless she has
+// actually been writing lately. Without it, a month away from Petal would be
+// reported back to her as progress, which is the one way this feature could lie.
+func (h *Handler) faded(userID string) ([]Fade, error) {
+	var wroteRecently int
+	if err := h.DB.QueryRow(
+		`SELECT count(*) FROM suggestions s JOIN documents d ON d.id = s.doc_id
+		  WHERE d.user_id = ? AND s.resolved_at >= datetime('now', '-30 days')`,
+		userID,
+	).Scan(&wroteRecently); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	if wroteRecently == 0 {
+		return []Fade{}, nil
+	}
+
+	rows, err := h.DB.Query(
+		`SELECT lower(trim(s.original)) AS pattern, count(*) AS times
+		   FROM suggestions s JOIN documents d ON d.id = s.doc_id
+		  WHERE d.user_id = ? AND s.status = 'accepted'
+		    AND s.resolved_at <  datetime('now', '-30 days')
+		    AND s.resolved_at >= datetime('now', '-120 days')
+		    AND trim(s.original) != ''
+		    AND pattern NOT IN (
+		          SELECT lower(trim(s2.original))
+		            FROM suggestions s2 JOIN documents d2 ON d2.id = s2.doc_id
+		           WHERE d2.user_id = ? AND s2.status = 'accepted'
+		             AND s2.resolved_at >= datetime('now', '-30 days'))
+		  GROUP BY pattern
+		 HAVING times >= 2
+		  ORDER BY times DESC
+		  LIMIT 3`,
+		userID, userID,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	out := []Fade{}
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var f Fade
+		if err := rows.Scan(&f.Pattern, &f.Times); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		out = append(out, f)
+	}
+	return out, rows.Err()
+}
+
+// nullInt scans a possibly-NULL aggregate into an int (SUM over no rows is
+// NULL, which is a zero here, not an error).
+type nullInt struct{ dst *int }
+
+func (n *nullInt) Scan(v any) error {
+	switch t := v.(type) {
+	case int64:
+		*n.dst = int(t)
+	case nil:
+		*n.dst = 0
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func sortDesc[T any](s []T, key func(T) int) {
+	for i := 1; i < len(s); i++ {
+		for j := i; j > 0 && key(s[j]) > key(s[j-1]); j-- {
+			s[j], s[j-1] = s[j-1], s[j]
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func trim[T any](s []T, n int) []T {
+	if len(s) > n {
+		return s[:n]
+	}
+	return s
+}

internal/suggestions/growth_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+package suggestions
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+	"strconv"
+	"testing"
+
+	"gitea.parodia.dev/drwily/petal/internal/db"
+)
+
+// resolved seeds one already-settled suggestion, dated `daysAgo` at the moment
+// she decided it (the journal reads decisions, not proposals).
+func resolved(t *testing.T, h *Handler, docID, status, original, replacement string, daysAgo int) {
+	t.Helper()
+	_, err := h.DB.Exec(
+		`INSERT INTO suggestions (doc_id, from_pos, to_pos, original, replacement, explanation, type, status, created_at, resolved_at)
+		 VALUES (?, 0, 0, ?, ?, '', 'collocation', ?, datetime('now', ?), datetime('now', ?))`,
+		docID, original, replacement, status,
+		"-"+strconv.Itoa(daysAgo)+" days", "-"+strconv.Itoa(daysAgo)+" days",
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("seed resolved suggestion: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+func seedDoc(t *testing.T, h *Handler, userID, text string) string {
+	t.Helper()
+	var id string
+	if err := h.DB.QueryRow(
+		`INSERT INTO documents (user_id, content_text) VALUES (?, ?) RETURNING id`, userID, text,
+	).Scan(&id); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("seed doc: %v", err)
+	}
+	return id
+}
+
+func readJournal(t *testing.T, srv http.Handler) Journal {
+	t.Helper()
+	rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodGet, "/suggestions/growth", "")
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("growth: got %d, want 200 (body %s)", rec.Code, rec.Body.String())
+	}
+	var j Journal
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &j); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decode journal: %v", err)
+	}
+	return j
+}
+
+// TestJournalIsEmptyForANewWriter: nothing to report reports nothing. Empty
+// lists, not nulls, so the frontend never has to guess.
+func TestJournalIsEmptyForANewWriter(t *testing.T) {
+	srv, _, _ := newTestServer(t, &stubClient{})
+	j := readJournal(t, srv)
+	if j.Kept != 0 || j.KeptBefore != 0 || len(j.Stuck) != 0 || len(j.Faded) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("new writer got a journal: %+v", j)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestKeptComparesHerToHerOwnPastSelf.
+func TestKeptCountsTwoWindows(t *testing.T) {
+	srv, docID, h := newTestServer(t, &stubClient{})
+	for i := 0; i < 3; i++ {
+		resolved(t, h, docID, "accepted", "do a decision", "make a decision", 5)
+	}
+	resolved(t, h, docID, "accepted", "big rain", "heavy rain", 40)
+	resolved(t, h, docID, "rejected", "no thanks", "no, thank you", 5) // decisions kept only
+	resolved(t, h, docID, "accepted", "long ago", "long since", 200)   // outside both windows
+
+	j := readJournal(t, srv)
+	if j.Kept != 3 {
+		t.Errorf("Kept = %d, want 3", j.Kept)
+	}
+	if j.KeptBefore != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("KeptBefore = %d, want 1", j.KeptBefore)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestStuckNeedsASecondDocument: a phrase sitting in the one document it was
+// applied to has not stuck — it's just the edit, where she left it. A second
+// document is her reaching for it herself, which is the claim the line makes.
+func TestStuckNeedsASecondDocument(t *testing.T) {
+	srv, docID, h := newTestServer(t, &stubClient{})
+	if _, err := h.DB.Exec(`UPDATE documents SET content_text = ? WHERE id = ?`,
+		"I had to make a decision.", docID); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("set content: %v", err)
+	}
+	resolved(t, h, docID, "accepted", "do a decision", "make a decision", 10)
+	resolved(t, h, docID, "accepted", "do a photo", "take a photo", 10)
+
+	if j := readJournal(t, srv); len(j.Stuck) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("one document counted as sticking: %+v", j.Stuck)
+	}
+
+	// She uses it again, elsewhere, on her own.
+	seedDoc(t, h, db.LocalUserID, "Later I had to Make A Decision about the flat.")
+	j := readJournal(t, srv)
+	if len(j.Stuck) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("Stuck = %+v, want just the phrase she reused", j.Stuck)
+	}
+	if j.Stuck[0].Phrase != "make a decision" || j.Stuck[0].Docs != 2 {
+		t.Errorf("Stuck[0] = %+v, want {make a decision 2} (case-insensitive)", j.Stuck[0])
+	}
+}
+
+// TestFadedNeedsRecentWriting is the guard that keeps this feature honest: a
+// month away from Petal must never be reported back as progress.
+func TestFadedNeedsRecentWriting(t *testing.T) {
+	srv, docID, h := newTestServer(t, &stubClient{})
+	resolved(t, h, docID, "accepted", "在 the morning", "in the morning", 60)
+	resolved(t, h, docID, "accepted", "在 the morning", "in the morning", 55)
+
+	if j := readJournal(t, srv); len(j.Faded) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("silence reported as growth: %+v", j.Faded)
+	}
+
+	// She has been writing again this month — now the absence means something.
+	resolved(t, h, docID, "accepted", "big rain", "heavy rain", 3)
+	j := readJournal(t, srv)
+	if len(j.Faded) != 1 || j.Faded[0].Pattern != "在 the morning" || j.Faded[0].Times != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("Faded = %+v, want the pattern she stopped needing (twice, back then)", j.Faded)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestFadedExcludesWhatStillHappens: a pattern corrected again this month has
+// not faded, however often it came up before.
+func TestFadedExcludesWhatStillHappens(t *testing.T) {
+	srv, docID, h := newTestServer(t, &stubClient{})
+	resolved(t, h, docID, "accepted", "在 the morning", "in the morning", 60)
+	resolved(t, h, docID, "accepted", "在 the morning", "in the morning", 55)
+	resolved(t, h, docID, "accepted", "在 the morning", "in the morning", 2)
+
+	if j := readJournal(t, srv); len(j.Faded) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("Faded = %+v, want empty — it still happens", j.Faded)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestJournalIsPerWriter: another account's learning is never anyone else's
+// journal, and the only comparison Petal draws is with her own past self.
+func TestJournalIsPerWriter(t *testing.T) {
+	srv, _, h := newTestServer(t, &stubClient{})
+	if _, err := h.DB.Exec(`INSERT INTO users (id, email) VALUES ('bob', 'bob@example.com')`); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("seed user: %v", err)
+	}
+	bobDoc := seedDoc(t, h, "bob", "Bob had to make a decision.")
+	seedDoc(t, h, "bob", "Bob will make a decision again.")
+	resolved(t, h, bobDoc, "accepted", "do a decision", "make a decision", 5)
+	resolved(t, h, bobDoc, "accepted", "big rain", "heavy rain", 60)
+	resolved(t, h, bobDoc, "accepted", "big rain", "heavy rain", 55)
+
+	j := readJournal(t, srv)
+	if j.Kept != 0 || j.KeptBefore != 0 || len(j.Stuck) != 0 || len(j.Faded) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("bob's learning leaked into the local user's journal: %+v", j)
+	}
+}

internal/suggestions/handlers.go

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	"encoding/json"
 	"errors"
 	"io"
+	"log"
 	"net/http"
 	"strings"
 
@@ -20,6 +21,7 @@ import (
 	"gitea.parodia.dev/drwily/petal/internal/db"
 	"gitea.parodia.dev/drwily/petal/internal/httputil"
 	"gitea.parodia.dev/drwily/petal/internal/llm"
+	"gitea.parodia.dev/drwily/petal/internal/vocab"
 )
 
 // Handler holds the dependencies for the checkpoint + suggestion routes. The
@@ -54,12 +56,17 @@ func (h *Handler) RegisterDocRoutes(r chi.Router) {
 	r.Post("/{id}/collocation", h.collocation)
 	r.Post("/{id}/rewrite", h.rewrite)
 	r.Get("/{id}/suggestions", h.listForDoc)
+	r.Get("/{id}/settled", h.listSettled)
 }
 
 // Routes returns the router mounted at /api/suggestions for per-suggestion
 // actions.
 func (h *Handler) Routes() chi.Router {
 	r := chi.NewRouter()
+	// The growth journal reads the same table these actions write, so it lives
+	// here rather than growing its own mount. A literal segment, so it can never
+	// be shadowed by an id.
+	r.Get("/growth", h.growth)
 	r.Post("/{id}/accept", h.accept)
 	r.Post("/{id}/dismiss", h.dismiss)
 	r.Post("/{id}/chat", h.chat)
@@ -84,6 +91,22 @@ type mechanicsFinding struct {
 	Original    string `json:"original"`
 	Replacement string `json:"replacement"`
 	Explanation string `json:"explanation"`
+	// Which family this offline finding belongs to. Empty (the historical shape)
+	// means mechanics; the miscollocation rules send 'collocation' so a chunk the
+	// rule pack caught is indistinguishable from one the coach caught — same
+	// family, same rail, and the same planting into the garden on accept.
+	Type string `json:"type"`
+}
+
+// localType maps a client-supplied family onto the two an offline rule may claim.
+// Anything else — including the empty string older clients send — is mechanics,
+// so a stray label can never smuggle a row into an LLM family and survive that
+// pass's DELETE.
+func localType(t string) string {
+	if strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(t)) == db.SuggestionTypeCollocation {
+		return db.SuggestionTypeCollocation
+	}
+	return db.SuggestionTypeMechanics
 }
 
 // maxMechanicsFindings caps a single submission so a runaway client can't flood
@@ -138,10 +161,21 @@ func (h *Handler) mechanics(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	httputil.WriteJSON(w, http.StatusOK, out)
 }
 
-// replaceMechanics swaps the document's pending mechanics rows for the supplied
-// findings in one transaction, leaving the LLM families and actioned rows
-// untouched. Findings the user already accepted or dismissed are suppressed (the
-// detector has no memory between runs), and malformed spans are skipped.
+// replaceMechanics brings the document's pending offline rows in line with the
+// supplied findings in one transaction, leaving the LLM families and actioned
+// rows untouched. Findings the user already accepted or dismissed are suppressed
+// (the detector has no memory between runs), and malformed spans are skipped.
+//
+// A finding the detector still reports keeps its existing row — same id, same
+// created_at — and only its offsets move. This pass fires 250 ms after a
+// keystroke, so deleting and re-inserting the family would hand every card a new
+// identity several times a sentence: the rail would remount, a card expanded for
+// Ask Petal would collapse under her, and the arrival chime would re-fire.
+//
+// The scope is *source*, not type: the rule pack owns both the mechanics family
+// and its share of the collocation family, and every run is a full recompute of
+// the document. Scoping by type instead would strand offline collocations the
+// current text no longer warrants — the one row nobody would ever replace.
 func (h *Handler) replaceMechanics(docID string, findings []mechanicsFinding) error {
 	tx, err := h.DB.Begin()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -149,18 +183,18 @@ func (h *Handler) replaceMechanics(docID string, findings []mechanicsFinding) er
 	}
 	defer tx.Rollback()
 
-	if _, err := tx.Exec(
-		`DELETE FROM suggestions WHERE doc_id = ? AND status = ? AND type = ?`,
-		docID, db.SuggestionStatusPending, db.SuggestionTypeMechanics,
-	); err != nil {
+	existing, err := loadPending(tx, docID, "source = '"+db.SuggestionSourceLocal+"'")
+	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
+	index := indexByEdit(existing)
 
 	sup, err := buildSuppressor(tx, docID)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
 
+	kept := make(map[string]bool, len(existing))
 	for _, f := range findings {
 		if f.From < 0 || f.To <= f.From || strings.TrimSpace(f.Original) == "" {
 			continue // malformed span — the client re-anchors by string anyway
@@ -168,15 +202,34 @@ func (h *Handler) replaceMechanics(docID string, findings []mechanicsFinding) er
 		if sup.suppressed(f.Original, f.Replacement) {
 			continue
 		}
+		typ := localType(f.Type)
+		if row, ok := index.take(f.Original, f.Replacement, f.From); ok {
+			kept[row.id] = true
+			if err := reposition(tx, row, f.From, f.To, ""); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			continue
+		}
 		if _, err := tx.Exec(
-			`INSERT INTO suggestions (doc_id, from_pos, to_pos, original, replacement, explanation, type)
-			 VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`,
-			docID, f.From, f.To, f.Original, f.Replacement, f.Explanation, db.SuggestionTypeMechanics,
+			`INSERT INTO suggestions (doc_id, from_pos, to_pos, original, replacement, explanation, type, source)
+			 VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`,
+			docID, f.From, f.To, f.Original, f.Replacement, f.Explanation,
+			typ, db.SuggestionSourceLocal,
 		); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 	}
 
+	// Whatever the detector no longer reports, she has fixed.
+	for _, row := range existing {
+		if kept[row.id] {
+			continue
+		}
+		if _, err := tx.Exec(`DELETE FROM suggestions WHERE id = ?`, row.id); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
 	return tx.Commit()
 }
 
@@ -194,12 +247,45 @@ func (h *Handler) collocation(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 }
 
 // pass is the signature shared by the grammar checkpoint and the voice pass:
-// given the document text, the document's tone and the writer's pair language it
-// returns the model's raw suggestions. The voice pass ignores both extras (see
-// llm.RunVoice) and the checkpoint ignores the language — only the collocation
-// coach writes a word of it — but one signature keeps runPass free of special
-// cases.
-type pass func(ctx context.Context, client llm.LLMClient, contentText, tone string, lang llm.Lang) ([]llm.RawSuggestion, error)
+// given the document text, the document's tone and the languages this document
+// is to be corrected and explained in, it returns the model's raw suggestions.
+// The voice pass ignores the tone (see llm.RunVoice) and the collocation coach
+// reads only the writer's pair language, but one signature keeps runPass free of
+// special cases.
+type pass func(ctx context.Context, client llm.LLMClient, contentText, tone string, t llm.Target) ([]llm.RawSuggestion, error)
+
+// targetFor resolves the two language decisions for one pass over one document.
+//
+// They read different state on purpose. What gets *corrected* follows the
+// document, because Portuguese prose wants Portuguese corrections. What language
+// the correction is *explained* in follows the writer — the half of her pair she
+// is not learning — because an explanation is teaching, and teaching lands in the
+// language she reads most easily. A native Portuguese speaker practising English
+// gets Portuguese explained in Portuguese; a native English speaker learning
+// French gets French explained in English. Neither is trapped: the other language
+// stays one tap away, in both directions.
+//
+// An English document keeps the pre-Phase-28 behaviour exactly — explained in
+// English, with her language on the Ask Petal / translate taps — which is the
+// path every account today is on.
+//
+// The direction lookup costs nothing today: `learnerPairs` is {"zh"}, so fr, es
+// and pt-PT accounts are all learning_en and their non-learned half *is* the pair
+// language. This rule therefore produces "explain in the document's language" for
+// every writer who currently exists. It is written out anyway to stop the
+// coincidence being baked into the prompts, the way "English is the language
+// being learned" was baked into pair_lang before migration 0016.
+func targetFor(pairLang, direction, docLang string) llm.Target {
+	pair := llm.LangFor(pairLang)
+	if normalizeDocLang(docLang) != docLangPair {
+		return llm.EnglishTarget(pair)
+	}
+	explain := pair
+	if direction == auth.DirectionLearningPair {
+		explain = llm.English
+	}
+	return llm.Target{Correct: pair, Explain: explain, Pair: pair}
+}
 
 // runPass is the shared body for both LLM passes. It loads the document text,
 // enforces the pass's per-document rate limit, runs the model, swaps in the
@@ -209,17 +295,19 @@ func (h *Handler) runPass(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, limiter *llm.R
 	docID := chi.URLParam(r, "id")
 	userID := auth.UserID(r.Context())
 
-	// The writer's pair language rides along with the document rather than in a
-	// second query: it is read from the same row-scoped lookup that already
-	// proves she owns this document.
-	var contentText, tone, pairLang string
+	// The writer's pair language and direction ride along with the document
+	// rather than in a second query: they are read from the same row-scoped
+	// lookup that already proves she owns this document. `doc_lang` is the
+	// previous language verdict, which the new one needs (hysteresis).
+	var contentText, tone, pairLang, direction, prevLang string
 	err := h.DB.QueryRow(
-		`SELECT d.content_text, d.tone, COALESCE(u.pair_lang, '')
+		`SELECT d.content_text, d.tone, d.doc_lang,
+		        COALESCE(u.pair_lang, ''), COALESCE(u.direction, '')
 		   FROM documents d
 		   JOIN users u ON u.id = d.user_id
 		  WHERE d.id = ? AND d.user_id = ?`,
 		docID, userID,
-	).Scan(&contentText, &tone, &pairLang)
+	).Scan(&contentText, &tone, &prevLang, &pairLang, &direction)
 	if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
 		httputil.ErrorJSON(w, http.StatusNotFound, "document not found")
 		return
@@ -229,11 +317,103 @@ func (h *Handler) runPass(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, limiter *llm.R
 		return
 	}
 
-	// Nothing to analyze on an empty document — skip the LLM round-trip.
+	// What language is this document in, and so what language should its cards be
+	// written in? Computed from the whole content_text — never from `askText`,
+	// which on a chunked pass is only the sentences that changed, and would put an
+	// English card in a Portuguese journal the moment she edits its one English
+	// line.
+	//
+	// Decided before the empty-document exit so every reconcile below is told the
+	// same verdict. An emptied document has nothing to go on and holds whatever it
+	// said last (see documentLang), which is what keeps a Portuguese journal
+	// Portuguese while she clears it to start the entry again.
+	docLang := documentLang(contentText, pairLang, prevLang)
+
+	// Announce the verdict on every answer this pass gives, including the early
+	// ones below. This pass is the only thing that decides the value, so it is
+	// the only moment the client can learn it promptly — and the client needs it
+	// promptly for read-aloud, which is reached for exactly when she has stopped
+	// typing and no further save is coming. Carrying it back on the document row
+	// alone means the editor is always one save behind the truth, and a paragraph
+	// of Portuguese read in an American voice is how that sounds.
+	//
+	// A header rather than a wider body: /check and /voice answer with a bare
+	// array of the unified pending set, and every caller of both endpoints reads
+	// it as one. A verdict is metadata about the pass, not another suggestion.
+	w.Header().Set("X-Petal-Doc-Lang", docLang)
+
+	// Nothing to analyze on an empty document — skip the LLM round-trip. The
+	// family's rows go with the text they were about.
 	if strings.TrimSpace(contentText) == "" {
-		httputil.WriteJSON(w, http.StatusOK, []db.Suggestion{})
+		if err := h.reconcilePending(docID, contentText, pairLang, docLang, nil, scope, nil, nil, false); err != nil {
+			httputil.ServerError(w, err)
 			return
 		}
+		out, err := h.fetchPending(userID, docID)
+		if err != nil {
+			httputil.ServerError(w, err)
+			return
+		}
+		httputil.WriteJSON(w, http.StatusOK, out)
+		return
+	}
+
+	if docLang != normalizeDocLang(prevLang) {
+		if _, err := h.DB.Exec(
+			`UPDATE documents SET doc_lang = ? WHERE id = ? AND user_id = ?`,
+			docLang, docID, userID,
+		); err != nil {
+			httputil.ServerError(w, err)
+			return
+		}
+	}
+	target := targetFor(pairLang, direction, docLang)
+
+	// Decide what to ask about before spending anything: a chunked pass asks only
+	// about the sentences that changed since it last read the document, and when
+	// none did it doesn't call the model at all — nor consume its rate-limit slot,
+	// so the next real edit isn't throttled by a check that had nothing to do.
+	//
+	// Only a chunked pass consults that record, so only it needs the tone folded
+	// into a sentence's identity — and, next to it, the language verdict. A
+	// document that flips language changes every sentence's identity, so its
+	// old-language cards are re-checked rather than left sitting there in a
+	// language the rest of the document no longer speaks.
+	salt := ""
+	if scope.chunked {
+		salt = tone + "\x00" + docLang
+	}
+	chunks := splitChunks(contentText, salt)
+	askText, fresh := contentText, chunks
+	if scope.chunked {
+		checked, err := h.checkedChunks(docID, scope.family)
+		if err != nil {
+			httputil.ServerError(w, err)
+			return
+		}
+		changed := changedChunks(chunks, checked)
+		if len(changed) == 0 {
+			// Every sentence has already been read. Drop the rows whose sentence is
+			// gone, keep the rest exactly as they are, and answer immediately.
+			if err := h.reconcilePending(docID, contentText, pairLang, docLang, nil, scope, chunks, nil, false); err != nil {
+				httputil.ServerError(w, err)
+				return
+			}
+			out, err := h.fetchPending(userID, docID)
+			if err != nil {
+				httputil.ServerError(w, err)
+				return
+			}
+			httputil.WriteJSON(w, http.StatusOK, out)
+			return
+		}
+		// When every sentence is new — a first pass, a paste, a tone switch — hand
+		// over the document verbatim so the model reads it with its paragraphing
+		// intact. Otherwise send just the delta, one sentence per line.
+		if len(changed) < len(hashSet(chunks)) {
+			askText, fresh = joinChunks(changed), changed
+		}
+	}
 
 	ok, _, slotAt := limiter.Allow(docID)
 	if !ok {
@@ -248,17 +428,19 @@ func (h *Handler) runPass(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, limiter *llm.R
 		return
 	}
 
-	raw, err := run(r.Context(), h.Client, contentText, tone, llm.LangFor(pairLang))
+	raw, err := run(r.Context(), h.Client, askText, tone, target)
 	if err != nil {
 		// Allow ran before the model call, so a failed pass would otherwise hold
 		// the per-document slot for the full interval — stranding the frontend's
 		// auto-retry on the throttle path. Release it so a retry can re-run.
 		limiter.Release(docID, slotAt)
-		httputil.ErrorJSON(w, http.StatusBadGateway, "llm pass failed: "+err.Error())
+		httputil.UpstreamError(w, "pass", err)
 		return
 	}
 
-	if err := h.replacePending(docID, contentText, raw, scope); err != nil {
+	// A whole-document pass re-read everything, so every one of its rows is up for
+	// re-proposal; a chunked pass only puts the sentences it asked about in play.
+	if err := h.reconcilePending(docID, contentText, pairLang, docLang, raw, scope, chunks, fresh, !scope.chunked); err != nil {
 		httputil.ServerError(w, err)
 		return
 	}
@@ -279,73 +461,49 @@ func (h *Handler) runPass(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, limiter *llm.R
 // inserts. The grammar checkpoint and voice pass each own a disjoint family, so
 // running one never disturbs the other's pending flags.
 type pendingScope struct {
-	deleteWhere string // extra WHERE clause scoping the DELETE to this family
+	deleteWhere string // extra WHERE clause scoping this pass to its own family
 	forceType   string // if set, every inserted row gets this type; else normalizeType
+	// family keys the sentences this pass has already read (see checked_chunks).
+	family string
+	// chunked passes re-read only the sentences that changed. True for the typing-
+	// cadence grammar checkpoint, which fires constantly and must feel still;
+	// false for the explicit whole-document passes, where she pressed a button
+	// asking for a fresh read of everything.
+	chunked bool
 }
 
+// Every scope below is confined to source='llm'. The offline rule pack owns its
+// own rows and recomputes them on each edit (see replaceMechanics); its findings
+// must survive all three model passes — including the collocation coach, which
+// now shares the collocation family with it.
 var (
 	// grammarScope owns the grammar/phrasing/idiom/clarity flags — everything but
-	// the other self-owned families (voice, collocation, mechanics), which run on
-	// their own cadence/pass and must survive a grammar checkpoint. Notably the
-	// deterministic mechanics pass writes its rows in the same /check request just
-	// before this DELETE runs, so excluding it here is what keeps them alive.
-	grammarScope = pendingScope{deleteWhere: "type NOT IN ('voice','collocation','mechanics')", forceType: ""}
-	// voiceScope owns the voice flags only.
-	voiceScope = pendingScope{deleteWhere: "type = 'voice'", forceType: db.SuggestionTypeVoice}
-	// collocationScope owns the collocation flags only.
-	collocationScope = pendingScope{deleteWhere: "type = 'collocation'", forceType: db.SuggestionTypeCollocation}
+	// the other self-owned families (voice, collocation), which run on their own
+	// cadence/pass and must survive a grammar checkpoint. Notably the offline pass
+	// writes its rows in the same /check request just before this pass reconciles,
+	// so the source clause is also what keeps them alive.
+	grammarScope = pendingScope{
+		deleteWhere: "source = 'llm' AND type NOT IN ('voice','collocation')",
+		family:      "grammar",
+		chunked:     true,
+	}
+	// voiceScope owns the model's voice flags only. Voice is a property of the
+	// document as a whole — a sentence isn't inconsistent with itself — so this
+	// pass always reads everything.
+	voiceScope = pendingScope{
+		deleteWhere: "source = 'llm' AND type = 'voice'",
+		forceType:   db.SuggestionTypeVoice,
+		family:      "voice",
+	}
+	// collocationScope owns the model's collocation flags only — the rule pack's
+	// share of the same family is left standing.
+	collocationScope = pendingScope{
+		deleteWhere: "source = 'llm' AND type = 'collocation'",
+		forceType:   db.SuggestionTypeCollocation,
+		family:      "collocation",
+	}
 )
 
-// replacePending swaps a document's pending suggestions within one family for a
-// fresh batch in a single transaction. Accepted/rejected suggestions and the
-// other family's pending rows are left untouched.
-//
-// Suggestions touching a sentence the user already settled are suppressed from
-// the fresh batch (see suppressor): not just the identical edit re-proposed, but
-// reversals and re-polishing of the model's own just-accepted output — the
-// "fickle, keeps going back and forth on a few sentences" behavior. The model has
-// no memory between passes, so without this it re-opens resolved sentences every
-// checkpoint.
-func (h *Handler) replacePending(docID, contentText string, raw []llm.RawSuggestion, scope pendingScope) error {
-	tx, err := h.DB.Begin()
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-	defer tx.Rollback()
-
-	if _, err := tx.Exec(
-		`DELETE FROM suggestions WHERE doc_id = ? AND status = ? AND `+scope.deleteWhere,
-		docID, db.SuggestionStatusPending,
-	); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	sup, err := buildSuppressor(tx, docID)
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	for _, s := range raw {
-		if sup.suppressed(s.Original, s.Replacement) {
-			continue
-		}
-		typ := scope.forceType
-		if typ == "" {
-			typ = normalizeType(s.Type)
-		}
-		from, to := locate(contentText, s.Original)
-		if _, err := tx.Exec(
-			`INSERT INTO suggestions (doc_id, from_pos, to_pos, original, replacement, explanation, type)
-			 VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`,
-			docID, from, to, s.Original, s.Replacement, s.Explanation, typ,
-		); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
-	}
-
-	return tx.Commit()
-}
-
 // dedupQuoteReplacer folds every straight/curly single- and double-quote variant
 // (and backtick/acute accent) onto one canonical character. The editor and the
 // model both rewrite quotes between passes — a sentence accepted with "…" comes
@@ -484,6 +642,76 @@ func (h *Handler) listForDoc(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	httputil.WriteJSON(w, http.StatusOK, out)
 }
 
+// listSettled returns the normalized originals of every edit the user has
+// already accepted or dismissed on this document — the same spans buildSuppressor
+// drops on the server, handed to the client so its instant rule-pack pass can
+// drop them too.
+//
+// Without this the offline half of the loop has no memory. The rule pack detects
+// from the text alone and re-runs 250 ms after a keystroke, so a dismissed "the
+// the" comes straight back the moment she types anywhere in the document; the
+// server's reply then removes it again. That flicker is the visible symptom, but
+// the real one is worse: with the server unreachable — the case the rule pack
+// exists for — the reply never comes and a card she dismissed simply stays.
+//
+// Only the originals are sent. Replacements are the model's words, not hers, and
+// the client only needs to answer "has she settled this span?"
+func (h *Handler) listSettled(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
+	out, err := h.fetchSettled(auth.UserID(r.Context()), chi.URLParam(r, "id"))
+	if err != nil {
+		httputil.ServerError(w, err)
+		return
+	}
+	httputil.WriteJSON(w, http.StatusOK, settledResponse{Originals: out})
+}
+
+// settledResponse wraps the list so the endpoint can grow a second field without
+// breaking a client that reads a bare array.
+type settledResponse struct {
+	Originals []string `json:"originals"`
+}
+
+// fetchSettled loads the distinct normalized originals of the document's actioned
+// rows. Scoped through documents for the same reason fetchPending is: an original
+// is a quotation of her writing.
+func (h *Handler) fetchSettled(userID, docID string) ([]string, error) {
+	rows, err := h.DB.Query(
+		`SELECT DISTINCT s.original
+		   FROM suggestions s
+		   JOIN documents d ON d.id = s.doc_id
+		  WHERE s.doc_id = ? AND d.user_id = ? AND s.status IN (?, ?)`,
+		docID, userID, db.SuggestionStatusAccepted, db.SuggestionStatusRejected,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	// DISTINCT is on the raw text; normalizing can collapse two rows into one, so
+	// dedupe again on this side to keep the payload honest.
+	seen := map[string]struct{}{}
+	out := []string{}
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var original string
+		if err := rows.Scan(&original); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		norm := normalizeForDedup(original)
+		if norm == "" {
+			continue
+		}
+		if _, dup := seen[norm]; dup {
+			continue
+		}
+		seen[norm] = struct{}{}
+		out = append(out, norm)
+	}
+	if err := rows.Err(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return out, nil
+}
+
 // fetchPending loads a document's pending suggestions, joined through documents
 // so the rows are only reachable by the document's owner. A suggestion quotes the
 // sentence it corrects, so an unscoped read here would leak document text to
@@ -491,7 +719,7 @@ func (h *Handler) listForDoc(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 func (h *Handler) fetchPending(userID, docID string) ([]db.Suggestion, error) {
 	rows, err := h.DB.Query(
 		`SELECT s.id, s.doc_id, s.from_pos, s.to_pos, s.original, s.replacement,
-		        s.explanation, s.type, s.status, s.created_at
+		        s.explanation, s.type, s.status, s.source, s.created_at
 		   FROM suggestions s
 		   JOIN documents d ON d.id = s.doc_id
 		  WHERE s.doc_id = ? AND d.user_id = ? AND s.status = ?
@@ -508,7 +736,7 @@ func (h *Handler) fetchPending(userID, docID string) ([]db.Suggestion, error) {
 		var s db.Suggestion
 		if err := rows.Scan(
 			&s.ID, &s.DocID, &s.FromPos, &s.ToPos, &s.Original, &s.Replacement,
-			&s.Explanation, &s.Type, &s.Status, &s.CreatedAt,
+			&s.Explanation, &s.Type, &s.Status, &s.Source, &s.CreatedAt,
 		); err != nil {
 			return nil, err
 		}
@@ -520,11 +748,14 @@ func (h *Handler) fetchPending(userID, docID string) ([]db.Suggestion, error) {
 	return dedupeSpans(out), nil
 }
 
-// dedupeSpans resolves collisions between the deterministic mechanics family and
-// the LLM families: when a mechanics finding and an LLM suggestion fight over the
-// same characters, mechanics wins and the LLM card is dropped. Its span is exact
-// (the detector matched it), whereas the LLM positions are only advisory
-// (re-anchored by string at render), so the precise fix should own the span.
+// dedupeSpans resolves collisions between the offline rule pack and the model:
+// when a local finding and an LLM suggestion fight over the same characters, the
+// local one wins and the LLM card is dropped. Its span is exact (the detector
+// matched it), whereas the LLM positions are only advisory (re-anchored by string
+// at render), so the precise fix should own the span. This is why the split is by
+// source rather than by type — an offline miscollocation is as exact as an
+// offline comma, and the coach's fuzzy version of the same chunk shouldn't
+// double up next to it.
 //
 // This deliberately does NOT dedupe LLM-vs-LLM overlaps: voice (awareness-only,
 // no replacement) and collocation legitimately co-occupy the same span, and that
@@ -534,7 +765,7 @@ func dedupeSpans(in []db.Suggestion) []db.Suggestion {
 	type span struct{ from, to int }
 	var claimed []span
 	for _, s := range in {
-		if s.Type == db.SuggestionTypeMechanics && s.FromPos >= 0 {
+		if s.Source == db.SuggestionSourceLocal && s.FromPos >= 0 {
 			claimed = append(claimed, span{s.FromPos, s.ToPos})
 		}
 	}
@@ -544,7 +775,7 @@ func dedupeSpans(in []db.Suggestion) []db.Suggestion {
 
 	out := make([]db.Suggestion, 0, len(in))
 	for _, s := range in {
-		if s.Type != db.SuggestionTypeMechanics && s.FromPos >= 0 {
+		if s.Source != db.SuggestionSourceLocal && s.FromPos >= 0 {
 			overlaps := false
 			for _, sp := range claimed {
 				if s.FromPos < sp.to && sp.from < s.ToPos {
@@ -553,7 +784,7 @@ func dedupeSpans(in []db.Suggestion) []db.Suggestion {
 				}
 			}
 			if overlaps {
-				continue // an exact mechanics fix owns these characters
+				continue // an exact offline fix owns these characters
 			}
 		}
 		out = append(out, s)
@@ -577,7 +808,7 @@ func (h *Handler) dismiss(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 // no rows and surfaces as a 404.
 func (h *Handler) setStatus(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, status string) {
 	res, err := h.DB.Exec(
-		`UPDATE suggestions SET status = ?
+		`UPDATE suggestions SET status = ?, resolved_at = datetime('now')
 		  WHERE id = ? AND status = ?
 		    AND doc_id IN (SELECT id FROM documents WHERE user_id = ?)`,
 		status, chi.URLParam(r, "id"), db.SuggestionStatusPending,
@@ -591,9 +822,75 @@ func (h *Handler) setStatus(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, status strin
 		httputil.ErrorJSON(w, http.StatusNotFound, "pending suggestion not found")
 		return
 	}
+	if status == db.SuggestionStatusAccepted {
+		h.plant(chi.URLParam(r, "id"), auth.UserID(r.Context()))
+	}
 	w.WriteHeader(http.StatusNoContent)
 }
 
+// plant grows an accepted collocation into a vocabulary-garden phrase card. It
+// runs after the status write and swallows its own errors: accepting an edit is
+// the thing the writer asked for, and it must not fail — or even feel slower —
+// because a flashcard couldn't be made.
+//
+// Only collocations are planted. The other families correct *this* sentence
+// ("their" → "there", a comma, a clearer clause); a collocation is the one that
+// hands over a reusable chunk, which is the only thing worth reviewing in a week.
+func (h *Handler) plant(id, userID string) {
+	var s db.Suggestion
+	var contentText, docLang string
+	err := h.DB.QueryRow(
+		`SELECT s.type, s.original, s.replacement, s.explanation, s.doc_id, d.content_text, d.doc_lang
+		   FROM suggestions s JOIN documents d ON d.id = s.doc_id
+		  WHERE s.id = ? AND d.user_id = ?`,
+		id, userID,
+	).Scan(&s.Type, &s.Original, &s.Replacement, &s.Explanation, &s.DocID, &contentText, &docLang)
+	if err != nil {
+		if !errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
+			log.Printf("suggestions: could not read %s for planting: %v", id, err)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	if s.Type != db.SuggestionTypeCollocation || strings.TrimSpace(s.Replacement) == "" {
+		return
+	}
+	// The stored text is still the pre-accept draft — the client applies the
+	// replacement in the editor. Correct the sentence here so the flashcard
+	// quizzes the phrasing she is keeping, not the one she just left behind.
+	docID := s.DocID
+	if _, err := vocab.Plant(h.DB, userID, vocab.Phrase{
+		Text:    s.Replacement,
+		Meaning: s.Explanation,
+		Example: correctedSentence(contentText, s.Original, s.Replacement),
+		DocID:   &docID,
+		// The chunk is her own sentence, corrected — so it is in the document's
+		// language, whatever the collocation pass was framed in.
+		Lang: docLang,
+	}); err != nil {
+		log.Printf("suggestions: could not plant %s: %v", id, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// correctedSentence returns the sentence of contentText containing original,
+// with original swapped for replacement. Returns "" when the original isn't
+// found (the draft moved on) — a card with no example still reviews, just
+// without the cloze, so there's nothing to fall back to and nothing to guess.
+func correctedSentence(contentText, original, replacement string) string {
+	idx := strings.Index(contentText, original)
+	if original == "" || idx < 0 {
+		return ""
+	}
+	start := strings.LastIndexAny(contentText[:idx], ".!?\n")
+	end := strings.IndexAny(contentText[idx+len(original):], ".!?\n")
+	if end < 0 {
+		end = len(contentText)
+	} else {
+		end += idx + len(original) + 1 // keep the terminator
+	}
+	sentence := strings.TrimSpace(contentText[start+1 : end])
+	return strings.Replace(sentence, original, replacement, 1)
+}
+
 // locate finds the plaintext offsets of original within contentText. Returns
 // (-1, -1) when not found; the frontend anchors by string regardless, so a miss
 // here is non-fatal.
@@ -607,6 +904,11 @@ func locate(contentText, original string) (int, int) {
 
 // normalizeType maps the model's type string onto a valid suggestion type,
 // defaulting unknown values to grammar so a stray label never trips the CHECK.
+//
+// 'translate' is absent on purpose, and stays absent even though the type now
+// exists: it is decided from the span (see language.go), never taken from the
+// model. A model that volunteers the label anyway lands on grammar here and is
+// then promoted — or not — on the evidence.
 func normalizeType(t string) string {
 	switch strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(t)) {
 	case db.SuggestionTypeGrammar, db.SuggestionTypePhrasing, db.SuggestionTypeIdiom, db.SuggestionTypeClarity, db.SuggestionTypeCollocation:

internal/suggestions/handlers_test.go

@@ -20,10 +20,17 @@ import (
 type stubClient struct {
 	response string
 	calls    int
+	// The full prompt of the most recent call, so a test can assert which
+	// sentences a chunked pass actually asked about.
+	lastPrompt string
 }
 
-func (s *stubClient) Complete(_ context.Context, _ llm.CompletionRequest) (string, error) {
+func (s *stubClient) Complete(_ context.Context, req llm.CompletionRequest) (string, error) {
 	s.calls++
+	s.lastPrompt = ""
+	for _, m := range req.Messages {
+		s.lastPrompt += m.Content + "\n"
+	}
 	return s.response, nil
 }
 
@@ -64,6 +71,17 @@ func newTestServer(t *testing.T, client llm.LLMClient) (http.Handler, string, *H
 	return authed, docID, h
 }
 
+// setDocText rewrites the seeded document, standing in for the writer editing.
+// The grammar checkpoint only asks the model about sentences that changed since
+// it last read the document, so a test that wants a second real pass has to
+// change something first — as she always has.
+func setDocText(t *testing.T, h *Handler, docID, text string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if _, err := h.DB.Exec(`UPDATE documents SET content_text = ? WHERE id = ?`, text, docID); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("update doc text: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
 func do(t *testing.T, srv http.Handler, method, path, body string) *httptest.ResponseRecorder {
 	t.Helper()
 	var r *http.Request
@@ -183,6 +201,7 @@ func TestFickleEditsSuppressed(t *testing.T) {
 	]}`}
 	srv, docID, h := newTestServer(t, client)
 	h.Limit = llm.NewRateLimiter(0)
+	setDocText(t, h, docID, `He left "early," because of the rain. The cat always have a calm face.`)
 
 	rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/check", "")
 	var got []db.Suggestion
@@ -194,6 +213,10 @@ func TestFickleEditsSuppressed(t *testing.T) {
 		do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/suggestions/"+s.ID+"/accept", "")
 	}
 
+	// Both edits are now in the document, which is what re-opens those sentences
+	// for a second reading.
+	setDocText(t, h, docID, `He left "early," due to the rain. The cat always has a calm face.`)
+
 	// Reversal of the first accept (note the " → ' quote churn) and a re-polish of
 	// the second accept must both be dropped; only the unrelated edit survives.
 	client.response = `{"suggestions":[
@@ -314,7 +337,9 @@ func TestCollocationPassCoexists(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("collocation response should carry all three families, got %+v", got)
 	}
 
-	// A grammar checkpoint must NOT wipe the voice or collocation flags.
+	// A grammar checkpoint must NOT wipe the voice or collocation flags. She fixes
+	// the flagged sentence, so its own grammar row goes and nothing replaces it.
+	setDocText(t, h, docID, "I have two apples.")
 	client.response = `{"suggestions":[]}`
 	rec = do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/check", "")
 	if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {

internal/suggestions/isolation_test.go

@@ -116,4 +116,14 @@ func TestSuggestionIsolation(t *testing.T) {
 	if rec.Code != http.StatusNoContent {
 		t.Fatalf("owner accept = %d, want 204 (body: %s)", rec.Code, rec.Body)
 	}
+
+	// That accept created a settled span, which is the other read of this table.
+	// It carries originals only — but an original is a verbatim quotation of her
+	// sentence, so it is the same leak as the pending list through a smaller hole.
+	if got := getSettled(t, owner, docID); len(got) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("owner should see their own settled span, got %v", got)
+	}
+	if got := getSettled(t, stranger, docID); len(got) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("stranger read %d settled span(s) (leaking %q)", len(got), got[0])
+	}
 }

internal/suggestions/language.go

@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+package suggestions
+
+import (
+	"strings"
+	"unicode"
+)
+
+// Telling her language from English, well enough to label a card.
+//
+// When the checkpoint quotes a span she wrote in her own language and hands back
+// an English rendering, that is not a correction — nothing was wrong with what
+// she wrote — and it should not be filed under 'clarity'. The label is derived
+// here rather than asked of the model: a type is structural, and a model that
+// re-reasons every pass would drift between labels for the same sentence.
+//
+// The failure mode is deliberately cheap. Getting this wrong changes a card's
+// coloured pill and nothing else — the replacement, the explanation and the
+// Accept button are identical either way — so a heuristic is the right tool. It
+// is written to under-claim: a span it isn't sure about stays whatever the model
+// called it.
+//
+// The two pair families need genuinely different tests, and pretending otherwise
+// would be the bug:
+//
+//   - zh is a different script. Counting Han runes is close to certain.
+//   - pt-PT, fr and es share the Latin alphabet with English, where no such
+//     signal exists. Those fall back to function words — the short, extremely
+//     common words a sentence in that language can hardly avoid and an English
+//     sentence has no reason to contain.
+
+// isTranslation reports whether this edit is a rendering of one language into
+// the other, rather than a correction. Both halves must hold: the quoted span
+// reads as one language, and what Petal offers back reads as the other. The
+// second half matters — a Chinese span rewritten into different Chinese is
+// something else entirely, and Petal has no business calling it a translation.
+//
+// Which way it points follows the document (Phase 28). In an English document
+// the translate card is her language rendered into English — she reached for a
+// sentence she couldn't say yet, and Petal said it for her. In a document she
+// wrote in her own language the useful card is the mirror image: an English
+// sentence she dropped into her Portuguese, rendered into Portuguese. Asking the
+// English-document question there would label nothing, and the card would file
+// as a correction to prose that was never wrong.
+//
+// The flipped direction cannot be the same test read backwards. `readsAsEnglish`
+// is a low bar on purpose — Latin letters, not swamped by another script — which
+// every Portuguese sentence also clears, so using it on the *original* would
+// call every genuine Portuguese correction a translation. The flipped test
+// instead uses the sentence-level vote from doclang.go, where English has its
+// own marker list and has to out-evidence the pair language to win.
+func isTranslation(original, replacement, pairLang, docLang string) bool {
+	if strings.TrimSpace(original) == "" || strings.TrimSpace(replacement) == "" {
+		return false
+	}
+	if normalizeDocLang(docLang) == docLangPair {
+		p := normalizePairLang(pairLang)
+		return sentenceLang(original, p) == docLangEnglish &&
+			sentenceLang(replacement, p) == docLangPair
+	}
+	return readsAsPairLang(original, pairLang) && readsAsEnglish(replacement)
+}
+
+// readsAsPairLang reports whether s is predominantly in the writer's language.
+func readsAsPairLang(s, pairLang string) bool {
+	switch normalizePairLang(pairLang) {
+	case "zh":
+		han, latin := scriptCounts(s)
+		// Predominantly, not merely partly: one Chinese word inside an English
+		// sentence is a vocabulary question, and the sentence around it is still
+		// English prose with its own grammar to correct. Two runes is the floor
+		// because a single Han character is as likely to be a stray keystroke.
+		return han >= 2 && han > latin
+	case "pt-PT", "fr", "es":
+		return distinctMarkers(s, latinMarkers[normalizePairLang(pairLang)]) >= 2
+	}
+	// A pair Petal has no test for. Say no: an unlabelled card is a card that
+	// reads as it did yesterday, and a wrongly-labelled one is a new defect.
+	return false
+}
+
+// readsAsEnglish reports whether s is English prose rather than more of her own
+// language. It is not a language identifier — it only has to separate "English"
+// from "the pair language", and it is only ever asked about text Petal itself
+// generated, so the bar is low on purpose: Latin letters present, and not
+// swamped by another script.
+func readsAsEnglish(s string) bool {
+	han, latin := scriptCounts(s)
+	return latin > 0 && latin > han
+}
+
+// normalizePairLang folds the stored `users.pair_lang` into the codes below.
+// Empty (a document whose owner has no pair recorded) falls through to no test.
+func normalizePairLang(pairLang string) string {
+	switch p := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(pairLang)); p {
+	case "zh", "zh-cn", "zh-hans":
+		return "zh"
+	case "pt", "pt-pt":
+		return "pt-PT"
+	case "fr", "fr-fr":
+		return "fr"
+	case "es", "es-es":
+		return "es"
+	default:
+		return p
+	}
+}
+
+// scriptCounts counts Han runes and ASCII letters. Everything else — digits,
+// punctuation, spaces, emoji — is ignored, so trailing 。or a stray comma
+// changes nothing.
+func scriptCounts(s string) (han, latin int) {
+	for _, r := range s {
+		switch {
+		case unicode.Is(unicode.Han, r):
+			han++
+		case r < unicode.MaxASCII && unicode.IsLetter(r):
+			latin++
+		}
+	}
+	return han, latin
+}
+
+// distinctMarkers counts how many *different* marker words appear in s. Distinct
+// rather than total: "que ... que" is one writer's habit, while "eu quero" is two
+// independent pieces of evidence.
+func distinctMarkers(s string, markers map[string]bool) int {
+	if len(markers) == 0 {
+		return 0
+	}
+	seen := map[string]bool{}
+	for _, w := range strings.FieldsFunc(strings.ToLower(s), func(r rune) bool {
+		// Split on anything that isn't a letter, so punctuation and digits are
+		// separators. Apostrophes included: French elision (j'ai, n'est) should
+		// yield its parts.
+		return !unicode.IsLetter(r)
+	}) {
+		if markers[w] {
+			seen[w] = true
+		}
+	}
+	return len(seen)
+}
+
+// Function words that a sentence in each Latin pair can hardly avoid.
+//
+// Curated against English, not for coverage: every entry here is a word an
+// English sentence has essentially no reason to contain, which is why the lists
+// omit plenty of far more common words. Deliberately absent — each of them a
+// false positive waiting to happen — is anything that is *also* an English word:
+// the pan-Romance shorts (a, o, e, as, no, on, en, de, se, na, mi, son, era,
+// plus, pour, si, ma, ce, ne), Portuguese "do", Spanish "con", "ya" and "todo".
+// Dropping "con" costs the Spanish list one of its commonest words, and that is
+// the right trade — a marker that fires on English corroborates the wrong
+// answer, which is worse than a sentence Petal declines to label.
+//
+// A single marker is not enough (see readsAsPairLang), so these lists are read
+// as evidence to be corroborated rather than as a decision.
+//
+// **Curated against English is not the same as curated thinly**, and the first
+// version of these lists confused the two. Seen live 2026-07-29: "Esta manhã
+// acordei cedo e fui correr ao longo da marginal. O ar estava fresco e havia
+// poucas pessoas na rua." — unremarkable Portuguese, two marker hits, *zero*
+// English hits, and a verdict of English, because the document-level floor wants
+// three. The list was missing the ordinary machinery of the language: the
+// contractions (ao, à, num), the past tenses a diary is written in (estava,
+// havia, fomos), and the words that join two clauses (até, depois, então,
+// onde). Every one of them clears the bar above — an English sentence has no
+// reason to contain them — so their absence bought nothing and cost the verdict.
+// The floor stays at three; what changed is that three is now reachable by
+// prose rather than only by a paragraph that happens to argue with itself.
+var latinMarkers = map[string]map[string]bool{
+	"fr": words(
+		"je", "tu", "il", "elle", "ils", "elles", "nous", "vous", "est", "sont",
+		"était", "étais", "une", "des", "les", "du", "dans", "avec", "que", "qui",
+		"mais", "très", "être", "avoir", "pas", "cette", "cet", "ces", "mon",
+		"mes", "notre", "votre", "leur", "aussi", "alors", "parce", "comme",
+		"beaucoup", "toujours", "jamais", "quand", "bien", "chose", "temps",
+		"moi", "toi", "lui", "peux", "veux", "sais", "faire", "dit", "aujourd",
+		"hui", "quelque", "chez", "tout", "tous", "rien", "déjà", "encore",
+		// The same gap the pt-PT list was caught with, closed by analogy rather
+		// than by observation — no fr account exists yet to catch it live.
+		"aux", "après", "où", "avait", "étaient", "depuis", "jusqu", "chaque",
+		"autre", "même", "hier", "demain", "matin", "soir", "nôtre", "leurs",
+	),
+	"pt-PT": words(
+		"eu", "você", "ele", "ela", "eles", "elas", "nós", "são", "uma", "os",
+		"da", "dos", "das", "com", "que", "mas", "muito", "não", "meu",
+		"minha", "seu", "sua", "isso", "este", "esta", "está", "estou", "quero",
+		"também", "quando", "porque", "coisa", "tempo", "fazer", "sempre",
+		"nunca", "bem", "obrigado", "obrigada", "gosto", "tenho", "tem", "foi",
+		"ser", "ter", "mais", "já", "ainda", "aqui", "ali", "nada", "tudo",
+		"todos", "para", "pela", "pelo", "sobre", "assim",
+		// The contractions, which no English sentence has any use for.
+		"ao", "aos", "à", "às", "num", "numa", "dum", "duma", "pelos", "pelas",
+		"neste", "nesta", "disso", "deste", "desta",
+		// The tenses a journal is actually written in.
+		"estava", "estavam", "estão", "estamos", "havia", "houve", "era", "eram",
+		"fui", "fomos", "foram", "vai", "vamos", "tinha", "tinham",
+		// The joins between two clauses.
+		"até", "depois", "antes", "onde", "então", "enquanto", "embora",
+		"sem", "quem", "entre",
+		// And the everyday determiners and time words a diary can hardly avoid.
+		"nosso", "nossa", "outro", "outra", "mesmo", "mesma", "tão",
+		"muitos", "muitas", "poucos", "poucas", "hoje", "ontem", "amanhã",
+	),
+	"es": words(
+		"yo", "él", "ella", "ellos", "ellas", "nosotros", "una", "los", "las",
+		"del", "que", "pero", "muy", "esto", "esta", "este", "está",
+		"estoy", "quiero", "también", "cuando", "porque", "cosa", "tiempo",
+		"hacer", "siempre", "nunca", "bien", "gracias", "tengo", "tiene", "fue",
+		"ser", "tener", "más", "aquí", "allí", "nada", "todos",
+		"para", "sobre", "así", "hola", "señor", "usted", "muchas",
+		// Likewise by analogy: no es account exists yet either. "sin" and "tan"
+		// stay out — both are English words, which is the one disqualification.
+		"al", "después", "antes", "donde", "entonces", "mientras", "aunque",
+		"estaba", "estaban", "están", "había", "hubo", "fuimos", "fueron",
+		"nuestro", "nuestra", "otro", "otra", "mismo", "misma", "quién", "quien",
+		"muchos", "pocas", "pocos", "hoy", "ayer", "mañana",
+	),
+}
+
+func words(list ...string) map[string]bool {
+	out := make(map[string]bool, len(list))
+	for _, w := range list {
+		out[w] = true
+	}
+	return out
+}

internal/suggestions/language_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+package suggestions
+
+import "testing"
+
+// The flagship case, and the ones next to it that must NOT become translations.
+//
+// Every case here is an ENGLISH document — the path every account was on before
+// Phase 28 — so `docLang` is left at "". The mirror image lives in
+// TestIsTranslationInAPairLanguageDocument below.
+func TestIsTranslation(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name        string
+		original    string
+		replacement string
+		pairLang    string
+		want        bool
+	}{
+		{
+			// The sentence from the UX review, verbatim.
+			name:        "whole Chinese sentence rendered into English",
+			original:    "我想说这句话但是不知道用英语怎么说。",
+			replacement: "I want to say this but I don't know how to say it in English.",
+			pairLang:    "zh",
+			want:        true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "ordinary English correction is not a translation",
+			original:    "She goes to market yesterday",
+			replacement: "She went to the market yesterday",
+			pairLang:    "zh",
+			want:        false,
+		},
+		{
+			// One Chinese word inside English prose. The sentence around it is
+			// still English with its own grammar to fix, and calling the card a
+			// translation would mislabel a grammar fix.
+			name:        "single Chinese word inside an English sentence",
+			original:    "I bought a 苹果 at the store",
+			replacement: "I bought an apple at the store",
+			pairLang:    "zh",
+			want:        false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "a lone stray Han rune is not a sentence",
+			original:    "的",
+			replacement: "of",
+			pairLang:    "zh",
+			want:        false,
+		},
+		{
+			// Chinese in, Chinese out: whatever this is, Petal is not translating.
+			name:        "Chinese rewritten as Chinese",
+			original:    "我想说这句话",
+			replacement: "我要说这句话",
+			pairLang:    "zh",
+			want:        false,
+		},
+		{
+			// The same Chinese span, but the writer is on the French pair. Petal
+			// has no business offering to translate a language she never claimed.
+			name:        "Chinese span on a non-zh pair",
+			original:    "我想说这句话但是不知道用英语怎么说。",
+			replacement: "I want to say this in English.",
+			pairLang:    "fr",
+			want:        false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "French sentence rendered into English",
+			original:    "Je ne sais pas comment le dire en anglais.",
+			replacement: "I don't know how to say it in English.",
+			pairLang:    "fr",
+			want:        true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "Portuguese sentence rendered into English",
+			original:    "Eu quero dizer isso mas não sei como.",
+			replacement: "I want to say this but I don't know how.",
+			pairLang:    "pt-PT",
+			want:        true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "Spanish sentence rendered into English",
+			original:    "Yo quiero decir esto pero no sé cómo.",
+			replacement: "I want to say this but I don't know how.",
+			pairLang:    "es",
+			want:        true,
+		},
+		{
+			// A single marker is not evidence. "Que" appears in English writing
+			// about other languages, in names, in quoted phrases.
+			name:        "one Latin marker is not enough",
+			original:    "The word que confused me",
+			replacement: "The word que confuses me",
+			pairLang:    "pt-PT",
+			want:        false,
+		},
+		{
+			// The words most likely to sink this heuristic: English function words
+			// that are also Romance function words. They are kept out of the lists
+			// precisely so this sentence stays a grammar fix.
+			name:        "English full of pan-Romance lookalikes",
+			original:    "I do not know if a con man on the plus side as no era",
+			replacement: "I do not know whether a con man, on the plus side, is no era",
+			pairLang:    "es",
+			want:        false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "English with a borrowed French phrase stays English",
+			original:    "It was a pas de deux, more or less",
+			replacement: "It was a pas de deux, more or less.",
+			pairLang:    "fr",
+			want:        false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "empty replacement (an awareness-only finding)",
+			original:    "我想说这句话但是不知道用英语怎么说。",
+			replacement: "",
+			pairLang:    "zh",
+			want:        false,
+		},
+		{
+			// A document whose owner has no pair recorded. No test, no label.
+			name:        "no pair language",
+			original:    "我想说这句话但是不知道用英语怎么说。",
+			replacement: "I want to say this in English.",
+			pairLang:    "",
+			want:        false,
+		},
+		{
+			// An unshipped pair. Same rule: decline rather than guess.
+			name:        "unknown pair language",
+			original:    "Ich weiß nicht wie man das sagt.",
+			replacement: "I don't know how to say that.",
+			pairLang:    "de",
+			want:        false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := isTranslation(c.original, c.replacement, c.pairLang, ""); got != c.want {
+				t.Errorf("isTranslation(%q, %q, %q, en) = %v, want %v",
+					c.original, c.replacement, c.pairLang, got, c.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// The mirror image (Phase 28): in a document she wrote in her own language, the
+// translate card is the English sentence rendered into her language — and the
+// English-document question, asked here, would label nothing.
+//
+// The case this file exists to pin is the third one: a genuine Portuguese
+// correction inside a Portuguese document. Reading the English-document test
+// backwards would call it a translation, because `readsAsEnglish` is a low bar
+// that Portuguese clears too. It has to stay a correction.
+func TestIsTranslationInAPairLanguageDocument(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		name        string
+		original    string
+		replacement string
+		pairLang    string
+		want        bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:        "English sentence rendered into Portuguese",
+			original:    "I want to say this but I don't know how to say it.",
+			replacement: "Eu quero dizer isso mas não sei como o dizer.",
+			pairLang:    "pt-PT",
+			want:        true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "English sentence rendered into Chinese",
+			original:    "I don't know how to say this in Chinese.",
+			replacement: "我不知道这句话用中文怎么说。",
+			pairLang:    "zh",
+			want:        true,
+		},
+		{
+			// The one that matters. Portuguese in, Portuguese out, inside a
+			// Portuguese document: a correction, and nothing else.
+			name:        "Portuguese corrected as Portuguese",
+			original:    "Eu quero dizer isso mas não sei como.",
+			replacement: "Eu quero dizer isto mas não sei como.",
+			pairLang:    "pt-PT",
+			want:        false,
+		},
+		{
+			// And its Chinese twin, which the script test already caught.
+			name:        "Chinese corrected as Chinese",
+			original:    "我想说这句话",
+			replacement: "我要说这句话",
+			pairLang:    "zh",
+			want:        false,
+		},
+		{
+			// The old direction, asked in the new document. She quoted English in
+			// her Portuguese and Petal rendered it into Portuguese — which IS a
+			// translation, and is the case above. This is its reverse: Portuguese
+			// out of an English document that isn't one. No label.
+			name:        "Portuguese rendered into English is not this document's translation",
+			original:    "Eu quero dizer isso mas não sei como.",
+			replacement: "I want to say this but I don't know how.",
+			pairLang:    "pt-PT",
+			want:        false,
+		},
+		{
+			// English prose without enough evidence to vote. Silence, not a guess.
+			name:        "too short to read as English",
+			original:    "OK",
+			replacement: "Está bem, muito obrigado.",
+			pairLang:    "pt-PT",
+			want:        false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "unknown pair language declines in both directions",
+			original:    "I don't know how to say that.",
+			replacement: "Ich weiß nicht wie man das sagt.",
+			pairLang:    "de",
+			want:        false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		t.Run(c.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := isTranslation(c.original, c.replacement, c.pairLang, docLangPair); got != c.want {
+				t.Errorf("isTranslation(%q, %q, %q, pair) = %v, want %v",
+					c.original, c.replacement, c.pairLang, got, c.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// pair_lang is stored as the pack code, but a stored value has drifted before
+// (see the picker's history), so the fold is tested rather than assumed.
+func TestNormalizePairLang(t *testing.T) {
+	for in, want := range map[string]string{
+		"zh": "zh", "zh-CN": "zh", "ZH": "zh",
+		"pt": "pt-PT", "pt-PT": "pt-PT", "pt-pt": "pt-PT",
+		"fr": "fr", "fr-FR": "fr",
+		"es": "es", "es-ES": "es",
+		" zh ": "zh",
+		"":     "",
+		"de":   "de",
+	} {
+		if got := normalizePairLang(in); got != want {
+			t.Errorf("normalizePairLang(%q) = %q, want %q", in, got, want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// French elision must yield its parts, or "j'ai" and "n'est" — two of the
+// commonest shapes in the language — count for nothing.
+func TestElisionYieldsMarkers(t *testing.T) {
+	if n := distinctMarkers("Je n'est pas", latinMarkers["fr"]); n < 3 {
+		t.Errorf("elided French: got %d markers, want >= 3 (je, est, pas)", n)
+	}
+}
+
+// Distinct, not total: one word repeated is one piece of evidence.
+func TestRepeatedMarkerCountsOnce(t *testing.T) {
+	if n := distinctMarkers("que que que", latinMarkers["pt-PT"]); n != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("repeated marker: got %d, want 1", n)
+	}
+}

internal/suggestions/offline_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+package suggestions
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+	"testing"
+
+	"gitea.parodia.dev/drwily/petal/internal/db"
+)
+
+// The offline rule pack and the LLM now share the collocation family, which is
+// the point: the writer sees one rail and is never told which engine spoke. What
+// makes that safe is `source` — each pass replaces only its own rows. These tests
+// pin the two ways that could go wrong, both of which the old type-scoped DELETEs
+// would have hit.
+
+// pendingOfType counts the pending rows of one family in a response body.
+func pendingOfType(got []db.Suggestion, typ string) []db.Suggestion {
+	var out []db.Suggestion
+	for _, s := range got {
+		if s.Type == typ {
+			out = append(out, s)
+		}
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// TestOfflineCollocationFilesAsCollocation proves a miscollocation the rule pack
+// found is stored in the collocation family (so accepting it plants a garden
+// card, exactly as the coach's would) while still being marked as locally found.
+func TestOfflineCollocationFilesAsCollocation(t *testing.T) {
+	srv, docID, _ := newTestServer(t, &stubClient{response: `{"suggestions":[]}`})
+
+	got := postMechanics(t, srv, docID, `[
+		{"from":0,"to":13,"original":"do a decision","replacement":"make a decision","explanation":"pairing","type":"collocation"},
+		{"from":20,"to":27,"original":"the the","replacement":"the","explanation":"doubled word","type":"mechanics"}
+	]`)
+	if len(got) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("want both findings, got %+v", got)
+	}
+	coll := pendingOfType(got, db.SuggestionTypeCollocation)
+	if len(coll) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("want 1 collocation, got %+v", got)
+	}
+	if coll[0].Source != db.SuggestionSourceLocal {
+		t.Errorf("offline finding should be source=local, got %q", coll[0].Source)
+	}
+	if mech := pendingOfType(got, db.SuggestionTypeMechanics); len(mech) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("want 1 mechanics finding, got %+v", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestUnknownLocalTypeFallsBackToMechanics: a family the offline pass isn't
+// allowed to claim (or an older client sending none at all) must land in
+// mechanics. Otherwise a stray label would smuggle a row into an LLM family,
+// where nothing would ever replace it.
+func TestUnknownLocalTypeFallsBackToMechanics(t *testing.T) {
+	srv, docID, _ := newTestServer(t, &stubClient{response: `{"suggestions":[]}`})
+
+	got := postMechanics(t, srv, docID, `[
+		{"from":0,"to":5,"original":"aaaaa","replacement":"bbbbb","explanation":"x","type":"voice"},
+		{"from":6,"to":11,"original":"ccccc","replacement":"ddddd","explanation":"y"}
+	]`)
+	if len(got) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("want 2 findings, got %+v", got)
+	}
+	for _, s := range got {
+		if s.Type != db.SuggestionTypeMechanics {
+			t.Errorf("offline finding claimed family %q; only mechanics/collocation are allowed", s.Type)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestCoachDoesNotWipeOfflineCollocations is the collision the source column
+// exists for: the LLM collocation pass replaces the collocation family, and the
+// rule pack's share of that family has to survive it. Before `source`, running
+// the coach silently deleted every offline chunk on the page.
+func TestCoachDoesNotWipeOfflineCollocations(t *testing.T) {
+	client := &stubClient{response: `{"suggestions":[
+		{"original":"apple","replacement":"an apple","explanation":"article","type":"collocation"}
+	]}`}
+	srv, docID, _ := newTestServer(t, client)
+
+	// The seeded doc is "I has two apple." — the coach's flag anchors on "apple"
+	// at [10,15], so the offline finding is given a span well clear of it. Two
+	// findings fighting over the same characters is a different rule (see
+	// TestOfflineCardWinsSpanCollision); this test is about the DELETE.
+	postMechanics(t, srv, docID, `[
+		{"from":0,"to":5,"original":"do a decision","replacement":"make a decision","explanation":"pairing","type":"collocation"}
+	]`)
+
+	rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/collocation", "")
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("collocation pass: code=%d body=%s", rec.Code, rec.Body)
+	}
+	var got []db.Suggestion
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &got); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decode: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	var local, llm int
+	for _, s := range pendingOfType(got, db.SuggestionTypeCollocation) {
+		if s.Source == db.SuggestionSourceLocal {
+			local++
+		} else {
+			llm++
+		}
+	}
+	if local != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("the coach wiped the offline collocation: local=%d, got %+v", local, got)
+	}
+	if llm != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("want the coach's own flag alongside it: llm=%d, got %+v", llm, got)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestOfflinePassReplacesItsOwnCollocations is the mirror: the rule pack
+// recomputes the whole document every run, so a chunk the current text no longer
+// warrants must go — and the coach's flags must stay. Scoping the offline DELETE
+// by type instead of source would have stranded the first row forever.
+func TestOfflinePassReplacesItsOwnCollocations(t *testing.T) {
+	client := &stubClient{response: `{"suggestions":[
+		{"original":"apple","replacement":"an apple","explanation":"article","type":"collocation"}
+	]}`}
+	srv, docID, _ := newTestServer(t, client)
+
+	// A coach flag, then an offline chunk, then a rerun that no longer finds it.
+	do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/collocation", "")
+	postMechanics(t, srv, docID, `[
+		{"from":0,"to":13,"original":"do a decision","replacement":"make a decision","explanation":"pairing","type":"collocation"}
+	]`)
+	got := postMechanics(t, srv, docID, `[]`)
+
+	for _, s := range got {
+		if s.Source == db.SuggestionSourceLocal {
+			t.Errorf("stale offline finding survived a recompute: %+v", s)
+		}
+	}
+	if len(pendingOfType(got, db.SuggestionTypeCollocation)) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("the coach's own flag should be untouched, got %+v", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestOfflineCollocationPlantsOnAccept closes the loop the family split was for:
+// a chunk the rule pack found, accepted, becomes a vocabulary-garden card — with
+// no model involved anywhere in the path.
+func TestOfflineCollocationPlantsOnAccept(t *testing.T) {
+	srv, docID, h := newTestServer(t, &stubClient{response: `{"suggestions":[]}`})
+	if _, err := h.DB.Exec(
+		`UPDATE documents SET content_text = ? WHERE id = ?`,
+		"I had to do a decision about the job.", docID,
+	); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("set content: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	got := postMechanics(t, srv, docID, `[
+		{"from":9,"to":22,"original":"do a decision","replacement":"make a decision","explanation":"pairing","type":"collocation"}
+	]`)
+	if len(got) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("want the offline chunk, got %+v", got)
+	}
+	if rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/suggestions/"+got[0].ID+"/accept", ""); rec.Code != http.StatusNoContent {
+		t.Fatalf("accept: code=%d body=%s", rec.Code, rec.Body)
+	}
+
+	cards := gardenCards(t, h)
+	if len(cards) != 1 || cards[0].word != "make a decision" {
+		t.Fatalf("want a planted phrase card, got %+v", cards)
+	}
+	// The example is the corrected sentence — the phrasing she kept, not the one
+	// she just left behind.
+	if cards[0].example != "I had to make a decision about the job." {
+		t.Errorf("example should be the corrected sentence, got %q", cards[0].example)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestOfflineCardWinsSpanCollision: the tiebreak is by engine, not by family. An
+// offline miscollocation has an exact span; the coach's overlapping flag is only
+// advisory, so it is the one that goes.
+func TestOfflineCardWinsSpanCollision(t *testing.T) {
+	client := &stubClient{response: `{"suggestions":[
+		{"original":"do a decision about","replacement":"decide about","explanation":"wordy","type":"collocation"}
+	]}`}
+	srv, docID, h := newTestServer(t, client)
+	if _, err := h.DB.Exec(
+		`UPDATE documents SET content_text = ? WHERE id = ?`,
+		"I had to do a decision about the job.", docID,
+	); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("set content: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/collocation", "")
+	got := postMechanics(t, srv, docID, `[
+		{"from":9,"to":22,"original":"do a decision","replacement":"make a decision","explanation":"pairing","type":"collocation"}
+	]`)
+
+	if len(got) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("want the overlapping coach flag dropped, got %+v", got)
+	}
+	if got[0].Source != db.SuggestionSourceLocal {
+		t.Errorf("the exact offline card should own the span, got %+v", got[0])
+	}
+}
+
+// TestOfflineHanziFindingStaysMechanics: a 错别字 the Chinese rule pack found —
+// both halves written in hanzi — files as an ordinary mechanics row.
+//
+// The check is worth its own test because there is a rule one layer over that
+// would plausibly claim it. `isTranslation` re-labels an edit whose original
+// reads as the writer's language and whose replacement reads as English, which
+// is exactly how a zh-pair writer's quoted Chinese becomes a 'translate' card.
+// A wrong-character fix looks like the first half of that and nothing like the
+// second: 己经 → 已经 never leaves Chinese. It must stay a tidy-up in her own
+// sentence, on the same rail as a doubled word, with no rendering-into-English
+// implied anywhere.
+func TestOfflineHanziFindingStaysMechanics(t *testing.T) {
+	srv, docID, _ := newTestServer(t, &stubClient{response: `{"suggestions":[]}`})
+
+	got := postMechanics(t, srv, docID, `[
+		{"from":1,"to":3,"original":"己经","replacement":"已经","explanation":"已经 (already) takes 已","type":"mechanics"}
+	]`)
+	if len(got) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("want the one finding, got %+v", got)
+	}
+	if got[0].Type != db.SuggestionTypeMechanics {
+		t.Errorf("hanzi fix filed as %q, want %q", got[0].Type, db.SuggestionTypeMechanics)
+	}
+	if got[0].Source != db.SuggestionSourceLocal {
+		t.Errorf("source = %q, want %q", got[0].Source, db.SuggestionSourceLocal)
+	}
+	// The characters survive the round trip intact — a mangled span here would
+	// replace the wrong characters in her document.
+	if got[0].Original != "己经" || got[0].Replacement != "已经" {
+		t.Errorf("round-tripped as %q → %q", got[0].Original, got[0].Replacement)
+	}
+}

internal/suggestions/plant_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,243 @@
+package suggestions
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"testing"
+
+	"gitea.parodia.dev/drwily/petal/internal/db"
+)
+
+// seedSuggestion writes one pending suggestion against the seeded doc, after
+// replacing the doc's text so the sentence around `original` is under the test's
+// control.
+func seedSuggestion(t *testing.T, h *Handler, docID, text, sType, original, replacement, explanation string) string {
+	t.Helper()
+	if _, err := h.DB.Exec(`UPDATE documents SET content_text = ? WHERE id = ?`, text, docID); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("set content: %v", err)
+	}
+	var id string
+	err := h.DB.QueryRow(
+		`INSERT INTO suggestions (doc_id, from_pos, to_pos, original, replacement, explanation, type, status)
+		 VALUES (?, 0, 0, ?, ?, ?, ?, 'pending') RETURNING id`,
+		docID, original, replacement, explanation, sType,
+	).Scan(&id)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("seed suggestion: %v", err)
+	}
+	return id
+}
+
+type card struct {
+	word, definition, example string
+	interval                  int
+}
+
+func gardenCards(t *testing.T, h *Handler) []card {
+	t.Helper()
+	rows, err := h.DB.Query(
+		`SELECT word, definition, example, interval_days FROM vocab_words WHERE user_id = ? ORDER BY word`,
+		db.LocalUserID,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read garden: %v", err)
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+	var out []card
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var c card
+		if err := rows.Scan(&c.word, &c.definition, &c.example, &c.interval); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("scan: %v", err)
+		}
+		out = append(out, c)
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// TestAcceptedCollocationIsPlanted walks the whole hand-over: a collocation the
+// writer accepts becomes a phrase card whose example is the *corrected*
+// sentence, so the flashcard quizzes the phrasing she kept.
+func TestAcceptedCollocationIsPlanted(t *testing.T) {
+	srv, docID, h := newTestServer(t, &stubClient{})
+	id := seedSuggestion(t, h, docID,
+		"Yesterday was hard. I had to do a decision about the job. Then I slept.",
+		db.SuggestionTypeCollocation, "do a decision", "make a decision",
+		"English pairs “make” with “decision”.")
+
+	if rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/suggestions/"+id+"/accept", ""); rec.Code != http.StatusNoContent {
+		t.Fatalf("accept: got %d, want 204", rec.Code)
+	}
+
+	cards := gardenCards(t, h)
+	if len(cards) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("garden has %d cards, want 1: %+v", len(cards), cards)
+	}
+	got := cards[0]
+	if got.word != "make a decision" {
+		t.Errorf("word = %q, want %q", got.word, "make a decision")
+	}
+	if got.example != "I had to make a decision about the job." {
+		t.Errorf("example = %q — want the corrected sentence, bounded to its own sentence", got.example)
+	}
+	if got.definition != "English pairs “make” with “decision”." {
+		t.Errorf("definition = %q, want the explanation", got.definition)
+	}
+	if got.interval != 1 {
+		t.Errorf("interval_days = %d, want 1 (due tomorrow, like a fresh capture)", got.interval)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestOnlyCollocationsArePlanted: the other families correct this sentence and
+// hand over nothing reusable. A dismissed collocation is not a lesson either.
+func TestOnlyCollocationsArePlanted(t *testing.T) {
+	srv, docID, h := newTestServer(t, &stubClient{})
+
+	grammar := seedSuggestion(t, h, docID, "I has two apples.",
+		db.SuggestionTypeGrammar, "I has", "I have", "Subject–verb agreement.")
+	if rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/suggestions/"+grammar+"/accept", ""); rec.Code != http.StatusNoContent {
+		t.Fatalf("accept grammar: got %d", rec.Code)
+	}
+
+	dismissed := seedSuggestion(t, h, docID, "We must take a photo of it.",
+		db.SuggestionTypeCollocation, "do a photo", "take a photo", "Photos are taken.")
+	if rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/suggestions/"+dismissed+"/dismiss", ""); rec.Code != http.StatusNoContent {
+		t.Fatalf("dismiss: got %d", rec.Code)
+	}
+
+	if cards := gardenCards(t, h); len(cards) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("garden grew %d card(s) from a grammar fix and a dismissal: %+v", len(cards), cards)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestPlantingIsIdempotentAndNeverResets: accepting the same chunk again is
+// evidence it's still being learned — the worst possible response is to wipe the
+// card's first context and the schedule it has been climbing.
+func TestPlantingIsIdempotentAndNeverResets(t *testing.T) {
+	srv, docID, h := newTestServer(t, &stubClient{})
+	first := seedSuggestion(t, h, docID, "I had to do a decision.",
+		db.SuggestionTypeCollocation, "do a decision", "make a decision", "First explanation.")
+	if rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/suggestions/"+first+"/accept", ""); rec.Code != http.StatusNoContent {
+		t.Fatalf("accept: got %d", rec.Code)
+	}
+	// The card climbs a little.
+	if _, err := h.DB.Exec(
+		`UPDATE vocab_words SET reps = 3, interval_days = 7 WHERE user_id = ? AND word = 'make a decision'`,
+		db.LocalUserID,
+	); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("advance card: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	second := seedSuggestion(t, h, docID, "Later I must do a decision again.",
+		db.SuggestionTypeCollocation, "do a decision", "make a decision", "Second explanation.")
+	if rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/suggestions/"+second+"/accept", ""); rec.Code != http.StatusNoContent {
+		t.Fatalf("accept again: got %d", rec.Code)
+	}
+
+	cards := gardenCards(t, h)
+	if len(cards) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("garden has %d cards, want 1 (one chunk, one card)", len(cards))
+	}
+	if cards[0].definition != "First explanation." {
+		t.Errorf("definition = %q — the existing card should win", cards[0].definition)
+	}
+	if cards[0].example != "I had to make a decision." {
+		t.Errorf("example = %q — the first context should survive", cards[0].example)
+	}
+	if cards[0].interval != 7 {
+		t.Errorf("interval_days = %d, want 7 — progress must not be reset", cards[0].interval)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSentenceRewriteIsNotAPhraseCard: a "collocation" long enough to be a
+// rewritten sentence makes a miserable flashcard, so it is dropped rather than
+// planted — and the accept still succeeds.
+func TestSentenceRewriteIsNotAPhraseCard(t *testing.T) {
+	srv, docID, h := newTestServer(t, &stubClient{})
+	long := "I would like to take this opportunity to thank you for everything"
+	id := seedSuggestion(t, h, docID, "I want thank you for everything.",
+		db.SuggestionTypeCollocation, "I want thank you for everything", long, "More natural.")
+	if rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/suggestions/"+id+"/accept", ""); rec.Code != http.StatusNoContent {
+		t.Fatalf("accept: got %d, want 204 — a skipped card must never fail the accept", rec.Code)
+	}
+	if cards := gardenCards(t, h); len(cards) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("planted a sentence as a phrase card: %+v", cards)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestCorrectedSentence(t *testing.T) {
+	const text = "One thing. I had to do a decision fast! Another thing."
+	cases := []struct {
+		name, original, replacement, want string
+	}{
+		{"bounded to its sentence", "do a decision", "make a decision", "I had to make a decision fast!"},
+		{"original no longer present", "do a choice", "make a choice", ""},
+		{"empty original", "", "make a decision", ""},
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if got := correctedSentence(text, tc.original, tc.replacement); got != tc.want {
+				t.Errorf("correctedSentence = %q, want %q", got, tc.want)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+	// A document with no terminator at all is one sentence, and still works.
+	if got := correctedSentence("i had to do a decision", "do a decision", "make a decision"); got != "i had to make a decision" {
+		t.Errorf("unterminated doc: got %q", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestPlantedPhraseCarriesTheDocumentLanguage: a chunk planted out of a document
+// written in her own language is a card in that language. The collocation pass
+// itself deliberately did not flip in Phase 28 — its prompt is per-language
+// knowledge, not framing — but the phrase it hands over is still lifted from her
+// prose, so the card has to know what language that prose was in or the garden
+// will read it aloud in the wrong voice.
+func TestPlantedPhraseCarriesTheDocumentLanguage(t *testing.T) {
+	srv, docID, h := newTestServer(t, &stubClient{})
+	if _, err := h.DB.Exec(`UPDATE documents SET doc_lang = 'pair' WHERE id = ?`, docID); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("set doc_lang: %v", err)
+	}
+	id := seedSuggestion(t, h, docID,
+		"Ontem foi difícil. Tive de tomar uma decisão sobre o trabalho.",
+		db.SuggestionTypeCollocation, "tomar uma decisão", "tomar uma decisão",
+		"Em português diz-se “tomar” uma decisão.")
+
+	if rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/suggestions/"+id+"/accept", ""); rec.Code != http.StatusNoContent {
+		t.Fatalf("accept: got %d, want 204", rec.Code)
+	}
+
+	var lang string
+	if err := h.DB.QueryRow(
+		`SELECT lang FROM vocab_words WHERE user_id = ? AND word = ?`,
+		db.LocalUserID, "tomar uma decisão",
+	).Scan(&lang); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read planted card: %v", err)
+	}
+	if lang != "pair" {
+		t.Fatalf("planted card lang = %q, want pair", lang)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestPlantedPhraseOnAnEnglishDocumentIsUnchanged is the other half, and the one
+// every account is on today: an English document plants an English card, and the
+// empty backfill and 'en' both mean that.
+func TestPlantedPhraseOnAnEnglishDocumentIsUnchanged(t *testing.T) {
+	srv, docID, h := newTestServer(t, &stubClient{})
+	id := seedSuggestion(t, h, docID, "I had to do a decision about the job.",
+		db.SuggestionTypeCollocation, "do a decision", "make a decision",
+		"English pairs “make” with “decision”.")
+
+	if rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/suggestions/"+id+"/accept", ""); rec.Code != http.StatusNoContent {
+		t.Fatalf("accept: got %d, want 204", rec.Code)
+	}
+
+	var lang string
+	if err := h.DB.QueryRow(
+		`SELECT lang FROM vocab_words WHERE user_id = ? AND word = ?`,
+		db.LocalUserID, "make a decision",
+	).Scan(&lang); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("read planted card: %v", err)
+	}
+	if lang == "pair" {
+		t.Fatalf("planted card lang = %q on an English document, want en or empty", lang)
+	}
+}

internal/suggestions/reconcile.go

@@ -0,0 +1,305 @@
+package suggestions
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+
+	"gitea.parodia.dev/drwily/petal/internal/db"
+	"gitea.parodia.dev/drwily/petal/internal/llm"
+)
+
+// Reconciliation replaces the old "delete the family, insert the new batch"
+// shape of every pass. A suggestion the pass proposes again is the *same*
+// suggestion: it keeps its row, and therefore its id, its created_at and — most
+// visibly — the explanation it was first given. The model re-words its reasoning
+// every time it is asked, so re-inserting meant one unchanged mistake carried
+// three different explanations in a single sitting.
+//
+// The id is what the frontend keys its cards on, so a stable id is also what
+// keeps the rail from emptying and refilling, a card from collapsing mid-read,
+// and the arrival chime from re-firing for advice she has already seen.
+
+// pendingRow is the part of an existing pending suggestion reconciliation cares
+// about.
+type pendingRow struct {
+	id          string
+	original    string
+	replacement string
+	chunkHash   string
+	from        int
+}
+
+// loadPending reads the pending rows a pass owns. `where` is the pass's own
+// scoping clause (by source, and for the model passes by family) — the same
+// fragment that used to scope its DELETE.
+func loadPending(tx *sql.Tx, docID, where string) ([]pendingRow, error) {
+	rows, err := tx.Query(
+		`SELECT id, original, replacement, chunk_hash, from_pos FROM suggestions
+		  WHERE doc_id = ? AND status = ? AND `+where,
+		docID, db.SuggestionStatusPending,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	var out []pendingRow
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var r pendingRow
+		if err := rows.Scan(&r.id, &r.original, &r.replacement, &r.chunkHash, &r.from); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		out = append(out, r)
+	}
+	return out, rows.Err()
+}
+
+// editKey identifies an edit by what it proposes, not where: "this exact change
+// to this exact text". Normalized like the suppression comparisons, so the
+// editor's quote rewriting and a reflowed paragraph don't read as a new edit.
+func editKey(original, replacement string) string {
+	return normalizeForDedup(original) + "\x00" + normalizeForDedup(replacement)
+}
+
+// editIndex matches freshly proposed edits against the rows already standing.
+type editIndex struct {
+	rows  []pendingRow
+	used  []bool
+	byKey map[string][]int
+}
+
+func indexByEdit(rows []pendingRow) *editIndex {
+	idx := &editIndex{rows: rows, used: make([]bool, len(rows)), byKey: map[string][]int{}}
+	for i, r := range rows {
+		k := editKey(r.original, r.replacement)
+		idx.byKey[k] = append(idx.byKey[k], i)
+	}
+	return idx
+}
+
+// take claims the standing row for this edit, if there is one. When a document
+// repeats the same mistake, `near` (the fresh span's start) picks the closest
+// standing row, so two identical cards keep their own identities instead of
+// trading them whenever the text between them grows.
+func (i *editIndex) take(original, replacement string, near int) (pendingRow, bool) {
+	best, bestDist := -1, 0
+	for _, n := range i.byKey[editKey(original, replacement)] {
+		if i.used[n] {
+			continue
+		}
+		d := i.rows[n].from - near
+		if d < 0 {
+			d = -d
+		}
+		if best < 0 || d < bestDist {
+			best, bestDist = n, d
+		}
+	}
+	if best < 0 {
+		return pendingRow{}, false
+	}
+	i.used[best] = true
+	return i.rows[best], true
+}
+
+// reposition updates the advisory offsets (and the sentence a row belongs to)
+// without touching anything the writer can see. The frontend re-anchors by
+// string at render time, so these only matter for the local-vs-model span
+// arbitration in dedupeSpans.
+func reposition(tx *sql.Tx, row pendingRow, from, to int, chunkHash string) error {
+	if row.from == from && row.chunkHash == chunkHash {
+		return nil
+	}
+	_, err := tx.Exec(
+		`UPDATE suggestions SET from_pos = ?, to_pos = ?, chunk_hash = ? WHERE id = ?`,
+		from, to, chunkHash, row.id,
+	)
+	return err
+}
+
+// reconcilePending brings a model pass's family in line with what it just
+// proposed, sentence by sentence:
+//
+//   - A row on a sentence this pass didn't ask about is kept untouched — that
+//     is the whole point of chunking. Only its offsets are refreshed.
+//   - A row on a sentence that no longer exists in the document is dropped: she
+//     rewrote or deleted it.
+//   - A row on a sentence the pass *did* ask about survives only if the model
+//     proposed the same edit again, in which case it keeps its identity.
+//
+// `fresh` names the sentences the model was asked about (nil when it wasn't
+// called at all). inPlayAll marks the whole-document passes — voice and the
+// collocation coach — where every row is up for re-proposal because the model
+// just re-read everything.
+//
+// `pairLang` is the writer's own language and `docLang` this document's language
+// verdict; between them they type a finding that turns out to be one language
+// rendered into the other, in whichever direction this document makes useful
+// (see language.go).
+func (h *Handler) reconcilePending(
+	docID, contentText, pairLang, docLang string,
+	raw []llm.RawSuggestion,
+	scope pendingScope,
+	chunks, fresh []chunk,
+	inPlayAll bool,
+) error {
+	tx, err := h.DB.Begin()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	defer tx.Rollback()
+
+	existing, err := loadPending(tx, docID, scope.deleteWhere)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	present := hashSet(chunks)
+	asked := hashSet(fresh)
+	modelRan := inPlayAll || fresh != nil
+
+	// Sentences to hand back to the model next time, because a row we were
+	// caching on them turned out to be unanchorable (see below).
+	reopen := map[string]bool{}
+
+	var inPlay []pendingRow
+	for _, r := range existing {
+		switch {
+		// A row whose sentence we can't name is never cached — it is re-examined
+		// whenever the model speaks, and left alone when it doesn't.
+		case inPlayAll, r.chunkHash == "" && modelRan, asked[r.chunkHash]:
+			inPlay = append(inPlay, r)
+		case r.chunkHash != "" && !present[r.chunkHash]:
+			if _, err := tx.Exec(`DELETE FROM suggestions WHERE id = ?`, r.id); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		default:
+			// Untouched sentence: keep the card exactly as she last saw it.
+			from, to := locate(contentText, r.original)
+			if from < 0 {
+				// The sentence is unchanged in substance but the quoted span no
+				// longer matches byte for byte — a quote mark the editor rewrote
+				// inside it, say. The frontend anchors by that string, so this card
+				// can't be shown; drop it and let the sentence be read again rather
+				// than cache advice nobody can see.
+				reopen[r.chunkHash] = true
+				if _, err := tx.Exec(`DELETE FROM suggestions WHERE id = ?`, r.id); err != nil {
+					return err
+				}
+				continue
+			}
+			if err := reposition(tx, r, from, to, r.chunkHash); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	for h := range reopen {
+		delete(present, h)
+	}
+
+	sup, err := buildSuppressor(tx, docID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	index := indexByEdit(inPlay)
+	kept := make(map[string]bool, len(inPlay))
+	for _, s := range raw {
+		if sup.suppressed(s.Original, s.Replacement) {
+			continue
+		}
+		from, to := locate(contentText, s.Original)
+		// Attribute the finding to a sentence the model was actually shown before
+		// falling back to the whole document: a short span ("the the") can occur in
+		// two sentences, and crediting it to the cached one would drop it as advice
+		// we already have.
+		hash := chunkFor(s.Original, fresh)
+		if hash == "" {
+			hash = chunkFor(s.Original, chunks)
+		}
+		// A sentence we didn't ask about already has whatever advice it deserves.
+		// The model can't normally quote one — it was only shown the delta — but if
+		// it wanders there anyway, the cached card stands rather than gaining a
+		// twin.
+		if !inPlayAll && hash != "" && present[hash] && !asked[hash] {
+			continue
+		}
+		if row, ok := index.take(s.Original, s.Replacement, from); ok {
+			kept[row.id] = true
+			if err := reposition(tx, row, from, to, hash); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		// A pass with a forced type owns its family outright and is never asked
+		// about translation: voice reads whole paragraphs for tone, and the
+		// collocation coach is about English word pairings. Only the open-typed
+		// grammar checkpoint can turn out to have been handed her own language.
+		typ := scope.forceType
+		if typ == "" {
+			typ = normalizeType(s.Type)
+			if isTranslation(s.Original, s.Replacement, pairLang, docLang) {
+				typ = db.SuggestionTypeTranslate
+			}
+		}
+		if _, err := tx.Exec(
+			`INSERT INTO suggestions (doc_id, from_pos, to_pos, original, replacement, explanation, type, source, chunk_hash)
+			 VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?)`,
+			docID, from, to, s.Original, s.Replacement, s.Explanation, typ, db.SuggestionSourceLLM, hash,
+		); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Asked about and not proposed again: the model has changed its mind, or she
+	// has fixed it.
+	for _, r := range inPlay {
+		if kept[r.id] {
+			continue
+		}
+		if _, err := tx.Exec(`DELETE FROM suggestions WHERE id = ?`, r.id); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Record the sentences this family has now read. Every sentence still in the
+	// document has been read by *some* pass: the ones just asked about now, the
+	// rest in an earlier round.
+	if scope.chunked {
+		if _, err := tx.Exec(
+			`DELETE FROM checked_chunks WHERE doc_id = ? AND family = ?`, docID, scope.family,
+		); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		for h := range present {
+			if _, err := tx.Exec(
+				`INSERT INTO checked_chunks (doc_id, family, hash) VALUES (?, ?, ?)`,
+				docID, scope.family, h,
+			); err != nil {
+				return err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return tx.Commit()
+}
+
+// checkedChunks loads the sentences a family read on its last pass.
+func (h *Handler) checkedChunks(docID, family string) (map[string]bool, error) {
+	rows, err := h.DB.Query(
+		`SELECT hash FROM checked_chunks WHERE doc_id = ? AND family = ?`, docID, family,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	defer rows.Close()
+
+	out := map[string]bool{}
+	for rows.Next() {
+		var hash string
+		if err := rows.Scan(&hash); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		out[hash] = true
+	}
+	return out, rows.Err()
+}

internal/suggestions/rewrite.go

@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ func (h *Handler) rewrite(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 
 	out, err := llm.RunRewrite(r.Context(), h.Client, text, body.Style)
 	if err != nil {
-		httputil.ErrorJSON(w, http.StatusBadGateway, "rewrite failed: "+err.Error())
+		httputil.UpstreamError(w, "rewrite", err)
 		return
 	}
 

internal/suggestions/settled_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+package suggestions
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+	"testing"
+
+	"gitea.parodia.dev/drwily/petal/internal/db"
+)
+
+// The settled endpoint exists for the offline half of the loop. The rule pack
+// detects from the text alone, 250 ms after a keystroke, and has no memory
+// between runs — so without the document's record of what she has already
+// answered, a dismissed finding is re-detected and re-rendered on the next
+// keystroke, and stays there for as long as the server can't be reached.
+
+func getSettled(t *testing.T, srv http.Handler, docID string) []string {
+	t.Helper()
+	rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodGet, "/docs/"+docID+"/settled", "")
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("settled: code=%d body=%s", rec.Code, rec.Body)
+	}
+	var out struct {
+		Originals []string `json:"originals"`
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &out); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decode: %v", err)
+	}
+	return out.Originals
+}
+
+func contains(list []string, want string) bool {
+	for _, s := range list {
+		if s == want {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// TestSettledListsActionedSpans proves the endpoint reports exactly the spans the
+// suppressor would drop: accepted and dismissed, never pending. A pending row
+// leaking in would be the damaging direction — the client would hide a card she
+// has never been shown an answer to.
+func TestSettledListsActionedSpans(t *testing.T) {
+	client := &stubClient{response: `{"suggestions":[
+		{"original":"I has","replacement":"I have","explanation":"agreement","type":"grammar"},
+		{"original":"two apple","replacement":"two apples","explanation":"plural","type":"grammar"}
+	]}`}
+	srv, docID, _ := newTestServer(t, client)
+
+	if got := getSettled(t, srv, docID); len(got) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("nothing actioned yet, got %v", got)
+	}
+
+	rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/check", "")
+	var got []db.Suggestion
+	_ = json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &got)
+	if len(got) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("first pass: want 2, got %d", len(got))
+	}
+
+	// One accepted, one still pending: only the accepted span is settled.
+	do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/suggestions/"+got[0].ID+"/accept", "")
+	settled := getSettled(t, srv, docID)
+	if len(settled) != 1 || settled[0] != got[0].Original {
+		t.Fatalf("want just %q settled, got %v", got[0].Original, settled)
+	}
+
+	// A dismissal settles a span just as an accept does — the whole point of the
+	// item: "you already decided about this one" doesn't mean "you agreed".
+	do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/suggestions/"+got[1].ID+"/dismiss", "")
+	settled = getSettled(t, srv, docID)
+	if len(settled) != 2 || !contains(settled, got[1].Original) {
+		t.Fatalf("dismissed span missing from %v", settled)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSettledNormalizesAndDedupes proves the payload is normalized server-side
+// and collapsed. The client compares its freshly-detected findings against these
+// strings, so the two sides have to agree on what "the same span" is — the
+// editor's quote churn is the case that breaks a byte-exact match, and it is why
+// normalizeForDedup exists at all.
+func TestSettledNormalizesAndDedupes(t *testing.T) {
+	client := &stubClient{response: `{"suggestions":[]}`}
+	srv, docID, h := newTestServer(t, client)
+
+	// The same span twice, differing only in quote style and line breaks — one
+	// accepted, one dismissed. Distinct rows; one settled span.
+	a := seedSuggestion(t, h, docID, "text", db.SuggestionTypeGrammar,
+		"She said \"hello\"\n  to me", "She said 'hello' to me", "quotes")
+	b := seedSuggestion(t, h, docID, "text", db.SuggestionTypeGrammar,
+		"She said “hello” to me", "She said 'hello' to me", "quotes")
+	do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/suggestions/"+a+"/accept", "")
+	do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/suggestions/"+b+"/dismiss", "")
+
+	settled := getSettled(t, srv, docID)
+	if len(settled) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("two spellings of one span should collapse to one, got %v", settled)
+	}
+	if want := "She said 'hello' to me"; settled[0] != want {
+		t.Fatalf("settled[0] = %q, want normalized %q", settled[0], want)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestNormalizeMatchesTheClient is the Go half of a pair. Every case here also
+// appears in web/src/lib/settled.test.ts, asserted against the TypeScript
+// reimplementation of this function. The two are compared across a network
+// boundary — the server normalizes what it sends, the client normalizes what it
+// checks against it — so they have to fold the same characters the same way, and
+// nothing but a shared list of cases can say so. Add to both or neither.
+func TestNormalizeMatchesTheClient(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct{ in, want string }{
+		{"She said “hello”", "She said 'hello'"},
+		{"She said \"hello\"", "She said 'hello'"},
+		{"it‘s", "it's"},
+		{"it’s", "it's"},
+		{"`code´", "'code'"},
+		{"  a   apple\n  here ", "a apple here"},
+		{"a\tapple", "a apple"},
+		{"   \n ", ""},
+		{"我想说这句话", "我想说这句话"},
+	}
+	for _, c := range cases {
+		if got := normalizeForDedup(c.in); got != c.want {
+			t.Errorf("normalizeForDedup(%q) = %q, want %q", c.in, got, c.want)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// TestSettledEmptyIsAList guards the shape rather than the content: the client
+// spreads this array into its settled set, and a null would throw there. Go
+// marshals a nil slice as null, so this is one `[]string{}` away from breaking.
+func TestSettledEmptyIsAList(t *testing.T) {
+	client := &stubClient{response: `{"suggestions":[]}`}
+	srv, docID, _ := newTestServer(t, client)
+
+	rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodGet, "/docs/"+docID+"/settled", "")
+	if body := rec.Body.String(); body != "{\"originals\":[]}\n" && body != "{\"originals\":[]}" {
+		t.Fatalf("empty settled body = %q, want an empty list", body)
+	}
+}

internal/suggestions/stability_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+package suggestions
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+	"strings"
+	"testing"
+
+	"gitea.parodia.dev/drwily/petal/internal/db"
+	"gitea.parodia.dev/drwily/petal/internal/llm"
+)
+
+// byOriginal indexes a pending set by the text each card flags.
+func byOriginal(in []db.Suggestion) map[string]db.Suggestion {
+	out := map[string]db.Suggestion{}
+	for _, s := range in {
+		out[s.Original] = s
+	}
+	return out
+}
+
+// TestUntouchedSentencesKeepTheirCards is the heart of the stability work: she
+// edits one sentence, and the cards on every other sentence stay exactly as they
+// were — same id (so the rail keeps the card instead of remounting it), same
+// explanation (the model re-words its reasoning every time it is asked, and one
+// unchanged mistake used to carry three different explanations in a sitting).
+// The model is only asked about the sentence that changed.
+func TestUntouchedSentencesKeepTheirCards(t *testing.T) {
+	client := &stubClient{response: `{"suggestions":[
+		{"original":"I has two apple","replacement":"I have two apples","explanation":"first wording","type":"grammar"},
+		{"original":"She go to market","replacement":"She goes to market","explanation":"agreement","type":"grammar"}
+	]}`}
+	srv, docID, h := newTestServer(t, client)
+	h.Limit = llm.NewRateLimiter(0)
+	setDocText(t, h, docID, "I has two apple. She go to market yesterday.")
+
+	rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/check", "")
+	var first []db.Suggestion
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &first); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decode: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(first) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("first pass: want 2, got %d: %+v", len(first), first)
+	}
+	kept := byOriginal(first)["I has two apple"]
+
+	// She fixes only the second sentence. The model, asked again, re-words its
+	// reasoning about the first — which it must never get the chance to do.
+	setDocText(t, h, docID, "I has two apple. She goes to market yesterday.")
+	client.response = `{"suggestions":[
+		{"original":"I has two apple","replacement":"I have two apples","explanation":"REWORDED","type":"grammar"}
+	]}`
+	rec = do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/check", "")
+	var second []db.Suggestion
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &second); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decode: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	if strings.Contains(client.lastPrompt, "I has two apple") {
+		t.Fatalf("untouched sentence was sent to the model:\n%s", client.lastPrompt)
+	}
+	if !strings.Contains(client.lastPrompt, "She goes to market") {
+		t.Fatalf("edited sentence was not sent to the model:\n%s", client.lastPrompt)
+	}
+
+	now := byOriginal(second)["I has two apple"]
+	if now.ID != kept.ID {
+		t.Fatalf("card was remounted: id %q became %q", kept.ID, now.ID)
+	}
+	if now.Explanation != "first wording" {
+		t.Fatalf("explanation drifted: %q", now.Explanation)
+	}
+	// The fixed sentence's card is gone, and the model's stray re-proposal for the
+	// cached sentence did not become a second card.
+	if len(second) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("want exactly one card left, got %d: %+v", len(second), second)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestUnchangedDocumentSkipsTheModel proves a check with nothing new to read
+// costs nothing: no model call, and every card left standing untouched. This is
+// the doc-open and tone-less re-check path.
+func TestUnchangedDocumentSkipsTheModel(t *testing.T) {
+	client := &stubClient{response: `{"suggestions":[
+		{"original":"I has","replacement":"I have","explanation":"agreement","type":"grammar"}
+	]}`}
+	srv, docID, h := newTestServer(t, client)
+	h.Limit = llm.NewRateLimiter(0)
+
+	rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/check", "")
+	var first []db.Suggestion
+	_ = json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &first)
+	if len(first) != 1 || client.calls != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("first pass: %d cards, %d calls", len(first), client.calls)
+	}
+
+	rec = do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/check", "")
+	var second []db.Suggestion
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &second); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decode: %v", err)
+	}
+	if client.calls != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("re-checking an unedited document called the model %d times", client.calls)
+	}
+	if len(second) != 1 || second[0].ID != first[0].ID {
+		t.Fatalf("card did not survive an idle re-check: %+v", second)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestDeletedSentenceDropsItsCard covers the other half of the skip path: she
+// removes a flagged sentence outright, so nothing changed that the model could
+// be asked about — but its card must still go.
+func TestDeletedSentenceDropsItsCard(t *testing.T) {
+	client := &stubClient{response: `{"suggestions":[
+		{"original":"I has","replacement":"I have","explanation":"agreement","type":"grammar"}
+	]}`}
+	srv, docID, h := newTestServer(t, client)
+	h.Limit = llm.NewRateLimiter(0)
+
+	do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/check", "")
+	setDocText(t, h, docID, "")
+
+	rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/check", "")
+	var got []db.Suggestion
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &got); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decode: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(got) != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("card outlived its sentence: %+v", got)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestToneChangeReopensEverySentence: the checkpoint's advice is written for the
+// document's tone, so switching from a journal to an academic essay has to
+// re-read sentences that haven't changed a character.
+func TestToneChangeReopensEverySentence(t *testing.T) {
+	client := &stubClient{response: `{"suggestions":[
+		{"original":"I has","replacement":"I have","explanation":"agreement","type":"grammar"}
+	]}`}
+	srv, docID, h := newTestServer(t, client)
+	h.Limit = llm.NewRateLimiter(0)
+
+	do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/check", "")
+	if _, err := h.DB.Exec(`UPDATE documents SET tone = 'academic' WHERE id = ?`, docID); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("set tone: %v", err)
+	}
+	do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/check", "")
+
+	if client.calls != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("tone change did not re-read the document: %d model calls", client.calls)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestMechanicsFindingsKeepTheirRows: the rule pack re-runs 250 ms after every
+// keystroke. A finding it still reports must keep its row, or the rail would
+// remount several times a sentence — collapsing a card she has open, and
+// re-firing the arrival chime for advice she is already reading.
+func TestMechanicsFindingsKeepTheirRows(t *testing.T) {
+	srv, docID, _ := newTestServer(t, &stubClient{response: `{"suggestions":[]}`})
+	body := `{"findings":[
+		{"from":0,"to":5,"original":"I has","replacement":"I have","explanation":"agreement"},
+		{"from":6,"to":15,"original":"two apple","replacement":"two apples","explanation":"plural"}
+	]}`
+
+	rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/mechanics", body)
+	var first []db.Suggestion
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &first); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decode: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(first) != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("want 2 rows, got %d", len(first))
+	}
+
+	// She types elsewhere: same findings, shifted spans, one of them now fixed.
+	rec = do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/mechanics", `{"findings":[
+		{"from":20,"to":25,"original":"I has","replacement":"I have","explanation":"agreement"}
+	]}`)
+	var second []db.Suggestion
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &second); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decode: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(second) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("want 1 row, got %d: %+v", len(second), second)
+	}
+	if second[0].ID != byOriginal(first)["I has"].ID {
+		t.Fatalf("surviving finding was given a new identity: %+v", second[0])
+	}
+	if second[0].FromPos != 20 {
+		t.Fatalf("span did not follow the text: %+v", second[0])
+	}
+}

internal/suggestions/translate.go

@@ -17,23 +17,44 @@ type translateResponse struct {
 	Translation string `json:"translation"`
 }
 
-// translate renders a suggestion's English explanation into Simplified Chinese
-// for the Ask Petal bubble, so the ESL reader sees the "why" in her first
-// language instead of a second copy of the same English text. The explanation is
-// loaded server-side from the suggestion id (scoped to the local user) and never
-// trusted from the client, mirroring chat (spec Note #10).
+// translate renders a suggestion's explanation into the other half of the
+// writer's pair for the Ask Petal bubble, so she sees the "why" in the language
+// she reads most easily instead of a second copy of the same text. The
+// explanation is loaded server-side from the suggestion id (scoped to the
+// caller) and never trusted from the client, mirroring chat (spec Note #10).
+//
+// Which language it renders into cannot be assumed (Phase 28). Before that phase
+// every explanation was English and every rendering went into her language, so
+// "the pair language" was a safe constant. Now the explanation's language is a
+// decision — `targetFor`, from the document's verdict and her direction — and
+// this endpoint has to read the same decision back, or it round-trips Portuguese
+// into Portuguese and calls it a translation.
+//
+// So: render into whichever half the explanation is NOT already in — and that
+// is the whole rule, in both directions. When it first shipped this endpoint
+// answered "" for a Portuguese explanation on the reasoning that an English
+// rendering she hadn't asked for was noise. It was reported as the opposite: a
+// writer whose pair is Portuguese and English, learning English, met a
+// Portuguese card with a Portuguese bubble under it and no English anywhere on
+// the card. The tap is the one place the other language was promised, and the
+// half she is *practising* is exactly the half worth a tap.
+//
+// The bubble sits directly beneath the explanation inside the card, so between
+// the two the writer always has both languages, whichever way round the document
+// put them.
 func (h *Handler) translate(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	sugID := chi.URLParam(r, "id")
 
-	var explanation, pairLang string
+	var explanation, pairLang, direction, docLang string
 	err := h.DB.QueryRow(
-		`SELECT s.explanation, COALESCE(u.pair_lang, '')
+		`SELECT s.explanation, COALESCE(u.pair_lang, ''),
+		        COALESCE(u.direction, ''), d.doc_lang
 		   FROM suggestions s
 		   JOIN documents d ON d.id = s.doc_id
 		   JOIN users u ON u.id = d.user_id
 		  WHERE s.id = ? AND d.user_id = ?`,
 		sugID, auth.UserID(r.Context()),
-	).Scan(&explanation, &pairLang)
+	).Scan(&explanation, &pairLang, &direction, &docLang)
 	if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
 		httputil.ErrorJSON(w, http.StatusNotFound, "suggestion not found")
 		return
@@ -49,9 +70,22 @@ func (h *Handler) translate(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	out, err := llm.RunTranslate(r.Context(), h.Client, explanation, llm.LangFor(pairLang))
+	// The explanation's own language, recovered from the same rule that chose it
+	// when the card was written. A card written before this phase — or on a
+	// document whose verdict has since flipped — is read as whatever the rule says
+	// today; the alternative is a language column on every suggestion row, and the
+	// cost of being wrong is one bubble seeded in the language it was already in.
+	target := targetFor(pairLang, direction, docLang)
+	from, to := target.Explain, target.Pair
+	if from.Code == to.Code {
+		// The explanation is already in her language, so the half this tap has to
+		// reach is the other one: the English she is practising.
+		to = llm.English
+	}
+
+	out, err := llm.RunTranslate(r.Context(), h.Client, explanation, from, to)
 	if err != nil {
-		httputil.ErrorJSON(w, http.StatusBadGateway, "translate failed: "+err.Error())
+		httputil.UpstreamError(w, "translate", err)
 		return
 	}
 

internal/suggestions/translate_type_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+package suggestions
+
+import (
+	"encoding/json"
+	"net/http"
+	"testing"
+
+	"gitea.parodia.dev/drwily/petal/internal/db"
+)
+
+// The pair model's flagship moment, end to end: she reaches for a sentence in
+// her own language mid-document, and the card that comes back is labelled as a
+// translation rather than as a tidy-up of her Chinese.
+//
+// The label is asserted through the real /check path rather than against
+// isTranslation directly, because the point of the item was never the detector —
+// Petal already found these spans and already rendered them into English. What
+// was wrong was the type that reached the rail.
+func TestChineseSpanBecomesATranslateCard(t *testing.T) {
+	// Note the model calls it "clarity", as the live build did. The type it
+	// volunteers is not consulted.
+	client := &stubClient{response: `{"suggestions":[
+		{"original":"我想说这句话但是不知道用英语怎么说。","replacement":"I want to say this but I don't know how to say it in English.","explanation":"这是英文说法 · Here is how to say it in English","type":"clarity"}
+	]}`}
+	srv, docID, database := newPairServer(t, client, "zh")
+	setDocTextDB(t, database, docID, "My weekend was good. 我想说这句话但是不知道用英语怎么说。")
+
+	var out []db.Suggestion
+	rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/check", "")
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("check: code=%d body=%s", rec.Code, rec.Body)
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &out); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decode: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(out) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("want 1 card, got %d: %+v", len(out), out)
+	}
+	if out[0].Type != db.SuggestionTypeTranslate {
+		t.Fatalf("card type = %q, want %q", out[0].Type, db.SuggestionTypeTranslate)
+	}
+	// The rendering and the reasoning are the model's, untouched — only the label
+	// is Petal's.
+	if out[0].Replacement != "I want to say this but I don't know how to say it in English." {
+		t.Fatalf("replacement was rewritten: %q", out[0].Replacement)
+	}
+}
+
+// The other half of the same claim: an ordinary English correction on the same
+// writer's document keeps the type the model gave it. A relabel that fired on
+// everything would be no better than the label it replaced.
+func TestEnglishCorrectionKeepsItsType(t *testing.T) {
+	client := &stubClient{response: `{"suggestions":[
+		{"original":"My weekend was very good","replacement":"My weekend was wonderful","explanation":"stronger wording","type":"phrasing"}
+	]}`}
+	srv, docID, database := newPairServer(t, client, "zh")
+	setDocTextDB(t, database, docID, "My weekend was very good.")
+
+	var out []db.Suggestion
+	rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/check", "")
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &out); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decode: %v", err)
+	}
+	if len(out) != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("want 1 card, got %d: %+v", len(out), out)
+	}
+	if out[0].Type != db.SuggestionTypePhrasing {
+		t.Fatalf("card type = %q, want %q", out[0].Type, db.SuggestionTypePhrasing)
+	}
+}
+
+// The voice pass reads whole paragraphs for tone and stamps its own family. A
+// Chinese paragraph must not be able to smuggle a translate row into it — voice
+// rows carry no replacement to accept, so a "translation" there would be a card
+// offering nothing.
+func TestVoicePassCannotProduceATranslateCard(t *testing.T) {
+	client := &stubClient{response: `{"suggestions":[
+		{"original":"我想说这句话但是不知道用英语怎么说。","replacement":"I want to say this in English.","explanation":"tone","type":"clarity"}
+	]}`}
+	srv, docID, database := newPairServer(t, client, "zh")
+	setDocTextDB(t, database, docID, "A first paragraph.\n\n我想说这句话但是不知道用英语怎么说。")
+
+	var out []db.Suggestion
+	rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/docs/"+docID+"/voice", "")
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("voice: code=%d body=%s", rec.Code, rec.Body)
+	}
+	if err := json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &out); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("decode: %v", err)
+	}
+	for _, s := range out {
+		if s.Type == db.SuggestionTypeTranslate {
+			t.Fatalf("voice pass produced a translate card: %+v", s)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// setDocTextDB is setDocText for the pair harness, which hands back the DB
+// rather than the Handler.
+func setDocTextDB(t *testing.T, database *db.DB, docID, text string) {
+	t.Helper()
+	if _, err := database.Exec(
+		`UPDATE documents SET content_text = ? WHERE id = ?`, text, docID,
+	); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("update doc text: %v", err)
+	}
+}

internal/tts/handler.go

@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@ import (
 	"os"
 	"os/exec"
 	"path/filepath"
+	"sort"
 	"strings"
+	"sync/atomic"
 	"time"
 	"unicode/utf8"
 
@@ -36,6 +38,12 @@ const maxTextBytes = 4000
 // with the words, mirroring the old utterance.rate = 0.95. Higher = slower.
 const lengthScale = 1.1
 
+// slowLengthScale is the "say it slower" replay (SUGGESTIONS §5e): roughly 0.75×
+// the normal pace, which is the speed listening drills have used for decades.
+// Piper stretches durations rather than resampling, so the voice keeps its pitch
+// instead of turning into a slowed tape.
+const slowLengthScale = lengthScale / 0.75
+
 // audioFormat describes one output encoding: the cache-file extension, the
 // response Content-Type, and the ffmpeg args that turn Piper's WAV (on stdin)
 // into this format (on stdout). A nil ffmpegArgs means "serve the WAV as-is".
@@ -90,6 +98,7 @@ type Handler struct {
 	cacheDir string
 	format   audioFormat
 	client   *http.Client
+	writes   atomic.Uint64 // cache writes since boot; drives the prune throttle
 }
 
 // New builds a Handler from config. It returns (nil, false) when TTS_ENDPOINT is
@@ -105,16 +114,14 @@ func New(cfg *config.Config) (*Handler, bool) {
 		format = formats["mp3"]
 	}
 
-	// Map by base language so en-US, en-GB, etc. all resolve to the English
-	// instance (the client sends BCP-47 tags like the old Web Speech path did).
-	// A language is only routable when both its endpoint and voice are set;
-	// otherwise the client falls back to Web Speech for that language.
+	// Keyed by base language so en-US, en-GB — and pt-PT, pt-BR, bare pt —
+	// resolve to the one instance that has that language's model loaded (the
+	// client sends BCP-47 tags, as the old Web Speech path did). Config has
+	// already dropped any language configured by halves, so an unroutable
+	// language reaches the client as a 404 and falls back to Web Speech.
 	routes := map[string]route{}
-	if cfg.TTSVoiceEN != "" {
-		routes["en"] = route{strings.TrimRight(cfg.TTSEndpoint, "/"), cfg.TTSVoiceEN}
-	}
-	if cfg.TTSEndpointZH != "" && cfg.TTSVoiceZH != "" {
-		routes["zh"] = route{strings.TrimRight(cfg.TTSEndpointZH, "/"), cfg.TTSVoiceZH}
+	for lang, v := range cfg.TTSVoices {
+		routes[lang] = route{endpoint: v.Endpoint, voice: v.Voice}
 	}
 
 	if err := os.MkdirAll(cfg.TTSCacheDir, 0o755); err != nil {
@@ -132,6 +139,19 @@ func New(cfg *config.Config) (*Handler, bool) {
 	}, true
 }
 
+// Languages lists the base language tags this handler can synthesize, sorted,
+// each with the voice serving it — for the startup line, so a deployment says
+// which sidecars it actually reached rather than which ones it was configured
+// to want.
+func (h *Handler) Languages() []string {
+	out := make([]string, 0, len(h.routes))
+	for lang, rt := range h.routes {
+		out = append(out, lang+"="+rt.voice)
+	}
+	sort.Strings(out)
+	return out
+}
+
 // Routes mounts the synthesis endpoint. Mount under "/tts" so the full path is
 // POST /api/tts.
 func (h *Handler) Routes() chi.Router {
@@ -140,11 +160,13 @@ func (h *Handler) Routes() chi.Router {
 	return r
 }
 
-// synthRequest is the body the editor posts: a passage and the BCP-47 language
-// tag it's written in (e.g. "en-US", "zh-CN").
+// synthRequest is the body the editor posts: a passage, the BCP-47 language tag
+// it's written in (e.g. "en-US", "zh-CN", "pt-PT"), and whether to say it slowly
+// — the replay a learner reaches for when the sentence went past too fast.
 type synthRequest struct {
 	Text string `json:"text"`
 	Lang string `json:"lang"`
+	Slow bool   `json:"slow"`
 }
 
 // synth resolves a voice for the requested language, returns cached audio when
@@ -180,9 +202,17 @@ func (h *Handler) synth(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	// Content-addressed: identical (voice, text) → identical clip. The format
-	// extension keeps encodings from colliding in the same dir.
-	sum := sha256.Sum256([]byte(rt.voice + "\n" + text))
+	scale := lengthScale
+	if req.Slow {
+		scale = slowLengthScale
+	}
+
+	// Content-addressed: identical (voice, pace, text) → identical clip. The pace
+	// belongs in the key — without it the slow replay of a word already heard at
+	// normal speed would be served from cache at normal speed, which is the one
+	// request where the difference is the whole point. The format extension keeps
+	// encodings from colliding in the same dir.
+	sum := sha256.Sum256([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("%s\n%.3f\n%s", rt.voice, scale, text)))
 	name := hex.EncodeToString(sum[:])[:32] + h.format.ext
 	path := filepath.Join(h.cacheDir, name)
 
@@ -191,7 +221,7 @@ func (h *Handler) synth(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	audio, err := h.synthesize(r.Context(), rt, text)
+	audio, err := h.synthesize(r.Context(), rt, text, scale)
 	if err != nil {
 		http.Error(w, "synthesis failed", http.StatusBadGateway)
 		fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "tts: synthesize: %v\n", err)
@@ -205,6 +235,7 @@ func (h *Handler) synth(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 		if err := os.WriteFile(tmp, audio, 0o644); err == nil {
 			_ = os.Rename(tmp, path)
 		}
+		h.pruneCache()
 	}
 
 	w.Header().Set("Content-Type", h.format.contentType)
@@ -212,6 +243,80 @@ func (h *Handler) synth(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	_, _ = w.Write(audio)
 }
 
+// maxCacheBytes bounds the whole clip cache at 512 MiB.
+//
+// Each clip is small, so nothing about ordinary reading approaches this — a
+// year of tapping words is tens of megabytes. What it bounds is the shape of
+// the endpoint: the cache key is the *text*, so a client asking for four
+// thousand distinct characters at a time writes a new file every request, for
+// as long as it cares to. That is an authenticated writer filling the same
+// encrypted volume the database lives on, and a full disk is SQLite failing to
+// write, not merely read-aloud getting slower.
+const maxCacheBytes = 512 << 20
+
+// pruneEvery throttles the sweep: checking the directory on every synthesis
+// would stat the whole cache for each new word. Synthesis is already the slow
+// path and misses are rare once a writer settles, so one sweep per this many
+// cache writes keeps the cost invisible while still converging long before the
+// limit means anything.
+const pruneEvery = 64
+
+// pruneCache trims the cache back under maxCacheBytes, oldest-first, and is a
+// no-op the great majority of the time it is called.
+//
+// Oldest by modification time is a fair approximation of least-recently-useful
+// here: a clip is written once and only ever read afterwards, so its age is how
+// long ago someone wanted it. Evicting one costs a re-synthesis, never data —
+// which is why this can be as approximate as it likes, and why every error
+// along the way is simply given up on.
+func (h *Handler) pruneCache() {
+	if n := h.writes.Add(1); n%pruneEvery != 0 {
+		return
+	}
+
+	entries, err := os.ReadDir(h.cacheDir)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	type clip struct {
+		path string
+		size int64
+		mod  time.Time
+	}
+	var clips []clip
+	var total int64
+	for _, e := range entries {
+		if e.IsDir() {
+			continue
+		}
+		info, err := e.Info()
+		if err != nil {
+			continue
+		}
+		clips = append(clips, clip{filepath.Join(h.cacheDir, e.Name()), info.Size(), info.ModTime()})
+		total += info.Size()
+	}
+	if total <= maxCacheBytes {
+		return
+	}
+
+	sort.Slice(clips, func(i, j int) bool { return clips[i].mod.Before(clips[j].mod) })
+	// Drop to 80% rather than exactly to the line, so the next few hundred
+	// clips don't each trigger another sweep.
+	target := int64(maxCacheBytes / 100 * 80)
+	removed := 0
+	for _, c := range clips {
+		if total <= target {
+			break
+		}
+		if os.Remove(c.path) == nil {
+			total -= c.size
+			removed++
+		}
+	}
+	fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "tts: cache over %d bytes — evicted %d oldest clip(s)\n", int64(maxCacheBytes), removed)
+}
+
 // serve streams a cached clip with a long-lived immutable cache header (the URL
 // is content-addressed, so the bytes never change for a given request).
 func (h *Handler) serve(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, path string) {
@@ -222,11 +327,11 @@ func (h *Handler) serve(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request, path string) {
 
 // synthesize POSTs to the route's Piper instance, then transcodes the returned
 // WAV when the configured format calls for it.
-func (h *Handler) synthesize(ctx context.Context, rt route, text string) ([]byte, error) {
+func (h *Handler) synthesize(ctx context.Context, rt route, text string, scale float64) ([]byte, error) {
 	body, _ := json.Marshal(map[string]any{
 		"text":         text,
 		"voice":        rt.voice,
-		"length_scale": lengthScale,
+		"length_scale": scale,
 	})
 	httpReq, err := http.NewRequestWithContext(ctx, http.MethodPost, rt.endpoint+h.synthURI, bytes.NewReader(body))
 	if err != nil {

internal/tts/handler_test.go

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ func newStubPiper(t *testing.T, body []byte) (*httptest.Server, *int32, *synthEc
 		_ = json.NewDecoder(r.Body).Decode(&req)
 		last.voice, _ = req["voice"].(string)
 		last.text, _ = req["text"].(string)
+		last.scale, _ = req["length_scale"].(float64)
 		w.Header().Set("Content-Type", "audio/wav")
 		_, _ = w.Write(body)
 	}))
@@ -29,7 +30,10 @@ func newStubPiper(t *testing.T, body []byte) (*httptest.Server, *int32, *synthEc
 	return srv, &calls, last
 }
 
-type synthEcho struct{ voice, text string }
+type synthEcho struct {
+	voice, text string
+	scale       float64
+}
 
 // newHandler builds a wav-format handler (no ffmpeg) pointed at a stub server.
 func newHandler(t *testing.T, endpoint string) *Handler {
@@ -88,7 +92,12 @@ func TestSynthPathNormalisation(t *testing.T) {
 
 func post(t *testing.T, h *Handler, text, lang string) *httptest.ResponseRecorder {
 	t.Helper()
-	b, _ := json.Marshal(synthRequest{Text: text, Lang: lang})
+	return postReq(t, h, synthRequest{Text: text, Lang: lang})
+}
+
+func postReq(t *testing.T, h *Handler, body synthRequest) *httptest.ResponseRecorder {
+	t.Helper()
+	b, _ := json.Marshal(body)
 	req := httptest.NewRequest(http.MethodPost, "/", bytes.NewReader(b))
 	rr := httptest.NewRecorder()
 	h.synth(rr, req)
@@ -192,8 +201,87 @@ func TestTextIsCapped(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+// The slow replay is the whole of SUGGESTIONS §5e: same text, same voice, more
+// time per phoneme.
+func TestSlowRequestStretchesTheVoice(t *testing.T) {
+	srv, _, last := newStubPiper(t, []byte("RIFF....fake-wav"))
+	h := newHandler(t, srv.URL)
+
+	if rr := postReq(t, h, synthRequest{Text: "reception", Lang: "en-US"}); rr.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("status = %d, want 200", rr.Code)
+	}
+	if last.scale != lengthScale {
+		t.Fatalf("normal length_scale = %v, want %v", last.scale, lengthScale)
+	}
+
+	if rr := postReq(t, h, synthRequest{Text: "reception", Lang: "en-US", Slow: true}); rr.Code != http.StatusOK {
+		t.Fatalf("slow status = %d, want 200", rr.Code)
+	}
+	if last.scale != slowLengthScale {
+		t.Fatalf("slow length_scale = %v, want %v", last.scale, slowLengthScale)
+	}
+	if slowLengthScale <= lengthScale {
+		t.Fatalf("slowLengthScale %v is not slower than %v", slowLengthScale, lengthScale)
+	}
+}
+
+// The pace has to be part of the cache key. Without it, asking for the slow
+// replay of a word already heard at normal speed serves the normal clip — the
+// one request where hearing the difference is the entire point.
+func TestSlowClipIsNotServedFromTheNormalCache(t *testing.T) {
+	srv, calls, last := newStubPiper(t, []byte("RIFF....fake-wav"))
+	h := newHandler(t, srv.URL)
+
+	postReq(t, h, synthRequest{Text: "reception", Lang: "en-US"})
+	postReq(t, h, synthRequest{Text: "reception", Lang: "en-US", Slow: true})
+	if *calls != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("piper calls = %d, want 2 (the slow clip is a different clip)", *calls)
+	}
+	if last.scale != slowLengthScale {
+		t.Fatalf("second call length_scale = %v, want the slow one", last.scale)
+	}
+
+	// …and each pace still caches on its own.
+	postReq(t, h, synthRequest{Text: "reception", Lang: "en-US", Slow: true})
+	postReq(t, h, synthRequest{Text: "reception", Lang: "en-US"})
+	if *calls != 2 {
+		t.Fatalf("piper calls = %d, want 2 (both paces now cached)", *calls)
+	}
+}
+
+// A Portuguese request must reach the Portuguese instance on the base tag alone:
+// env var names cannot hold the hyphen in pt-PT, so config keys the map on "pt"
+// and the handler has to meet it there. pt-BR resolves to the same instance
+// because there is only one Portuguese voice loaded — and it is the European one.
+func TestPortugueseRoutesOnTheBaseTag(t *testing.T) {
+	enSrv, enCalls, _ := newStubPiper(t, []byte("EN-wav"))
+	ptSrv, ptCalls, ptLast := newStubPiper(t, []byte("PT-wav"))
+	h := &Handler{
+		routes: map[string]route{
+			"en": {strings.TrimRight(enSrv.URL, "/"), "en_US-amy-medium"},
+			"pt": {strings.TrimRight(ptSrv.URL, "/"), "pt_PT-tugão-medium"},
+		},
+		cacheDir: t.TempDir(),
+		format:   formats["wav"],
+		client:   http.DefaultClient,
+	}
+
+	// Distinct text per tag, so a cache hit can't stand in for a route.
+	for i, tag := range []string{"pt-PT", "pt", "pt-BR"} {
+		if rr := post(t, h, strings.Repeat("receção ", i+1), tag); rr.Code != http.StatusOK {
+			t.Fatalf("%s status = %d, want 200", tag, rr.Code)
+		}
+	}
+	if *ptCalls != 3 || *enCalls != 0 {
+		t.Fatalf("calls en=%d pt=%d, want en=0 pt=3", *enCalls, *ptCalls)
+	}
+	if ptLast.voice != "pt_PT-tugão-medium" {
+		t.Fatalf("pt voice = %q, want the European Portuguese voice", ptLast.voice)
+	}
+}
+
 func TestBaseLang(t *testing.T) {
-	cases := map[string]string{"en-US": "en", "EN_gb": "en", "zh-CN": "zh", "en": "en", "": ""}
+	cases := map[string]string{"en-US": "en", "EN_gb": "en", "zh-CN": "zh", "pt-PT": "pt", "en": "en", "": ""}
 	for in, want := range cases {
 		if got := baseLang(in); got != want {
 			t.Errorf("baseLang(%q) = %q, want %q", in, got, want)

internal/vocab/handlers.go

@@ -26,6 +26,11 @@ type Word struct {
 	Phonetic   string  `json:"phonetic"`
 	Example    string  `json:"example"`
 	DocID      *string `json:"doc_id"`
+	// Lang is '' | 'en' | 'pair' — the language of the document the word was met
+	// in (see migration 0018). '' reads as English, like everywhere else this
+	// vocabulary appears. The client needs it to pick a read-aloud voice: "comum"
+	// is unguessable from its letters, so the card has to carry the answer.
+	Lang         string     `json:"lang"`
 	DueAt        time.Time  `json:"due_at"`
 	IntervalDays int        `json:"interval_days"`
 	Ease         float64    `json:"ease"`
@@ -54,7 +59,7 @@ func (h *Handler) Routes() chi.Router {
 	return r
 }
 
-const vocabColumns = `id, word, gloss, definition, phonetic, example, doc_id,
+const vocabColumns = `id, word, gloss, definition, phonetic, example, doc_id, lang,
 	due_at, interval_days, ease, reps, lapses, last_reviewed, created_at`
 
 func scanWord(s interface {
@@ -62,7 +67,7 @@ func scanWord(s interface {
 }) (Word, error) {
 	var w Word
 	err := s.Scan(
-		&w.ID, &w.Word, &w.Gloss, &w.Definition, &w.Phonetic, &w.Example, &w.DocID,
+		&w.ID, &w.Word, &w.Gloss, &w.Definition, &w.Phonetic, &w.Example, &w.DocID, &w.Lang,
 		&w.DueAt, &w.IntervalDays, &w.Ease, &w.Reps, &w.Lapses, &w.LastReviewed, &w.CreatedAt,
 	)
 	return w, err
@@ -165,15 +170,22 @@ func (h *Handler) capture(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	// would hit the foreign key and leak a raw "FOREIGN KEY constraint" 500
 	// instead of a clean 400 (and, once auth lands, would let a word be attached
 	// to another user's document).
+	//
+	// The same row-scoped lookup answers what language the card is in: a word is
+	// met inside a document, so the document's verdict is the word's language.
+	// Asking the document rather than trusting a `lang` in the request body is
+	// the same choice `runPass` makes — the client never gets to name a language
+	// the server can already read. A word with no document is '', which reads as
+	// English.
+	lang := ""
 	if req.DocID != nil {
 		if strings.TrimSpace(*req.DocID) == "" {
 			req.DocID = nil
 		} else {
-			var ok int
 			err := h.DB.QueryRow(
-				`SELECT 1 FROM documents WHERE id = ? AND user_id = ?`,
+				`SELECT doc_lang FROM documents WHERE id = ? AND user_id = ?`,
 				*req.DocID, userID,
-			).Scan(&ok)
+			).Scan(&lang)
 			if errors.Is(err, sql.ErrNoRows) {
 				httputil.ErrorJSON(w, http.StatusBadRequest, "unknown doc_id")
 				return
@@ -189,15 +201,19 @@ func (h *Handler) capture(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
 	// schedule (due_at/reps/interval/ease) alone so re-looking-up a word never
 	// resets its progress.
 	_, err := h.DB.Exec(
-		`INSERT INTO vocab_words (user_id, word, gloss, definition, phonetic, example, doc_id, due_at, interval_days)
-		 VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, datetime('now', '+1 day'), 1)
+		`INSERT INTO vocab_words (user_id, word, gloss, definition, phonetic, example, doc_id, lang, due_at, interval_days)
+		 VALUES (?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, ?, datetime('now', '+1 day'), 1)
 		 ON CONFLICT(user_id, word) DO UPDATE SET
 		   gloss      = excluded.gloss,
 		   definition = excluded.definition,
 		   phonetic   = excluded.phonetic,
 		   example    = CASE WHEN excluded.example != '' THEN excluded.example ELSE vocab_words.example END,
-		   doc_id     = COALESCE(excluded.doc_id, vocab_words.doc_id)`,
-		userID, word, req.Gloss, req.Definition, req.Phonetic, req.Example, req.DocID,
+		   doc_id     = COALESCE(excluded.doc_id, vocab_words.doc_id),
+		   -- lang travels with doc_id, and for the same reason: it is the new
+		   -- context or it is nothing. A lookup made outside any document must
+		   -- not relabel a card that was captured inside one.
+		   lang       = CASE WHEN excluded.doc_id IS NOT NULL THEN excluded.lang ELSE vocab_words.lang END`,
+		userID, word, req.Gloss, req.Definition, req.Phonetic, req.Example, req.DocID, lang,
 	)
 	if err != nil {
 		httputil.ServerError(w, err)

internal/vocab/handlers_test.go

@@ -253,3 +253,89 @@ func TestDocLinkSurvivesDocDelete(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Fatalf("doc_id should be nulled after doc delete, got %v", *all[0].DocID)
 	}
 }
+
+// TestCaptureTakesLanguageFromItsDocument is the garden's half of Phase 28: a
+// word met inside a document written in her own language is a card in that
+// language, and the server reads that off the document rather than being told.
+//
+// The three cases are the three the client can actually produce: a lookup inside
+// a flipped document, a lookup inside an English one, and a lookup with no
+// document at all (the search box) — the last of which is '', which reads as
+// English everywhere this value is used.
+func TestCaptureTakesLanguageFromItsDocument(t *testing.T) {
+	srv, database := newTestServer(t)
+
+	seed := func(lang string) string {
+		t.Helper()
+		var id string
+		if err := database.QueryRow(
+			`INSERT INTO documents (user_id, content_text, doc_lang) VALUES (?, 'hi', ?) RETURNING id`,
+			db.LocalUserID, lang,
+		).Scan(&id); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("seed doc: %v", err)
+		}
+		return id
+	}
+	pairDoc, enDoc := seed("pair"), seed("en")
+
+	capture := func(word, body string) Word {
+		t.Helper()
+		rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/vocab", body)
+		if rec.Code != http.StatusCreated {
+			t.Fatalf("capture %s: code=%d body=%s", word, rec.Code, rec.Body)
+		}
+		var w Word
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &w); err != nil {
+			t.Fatalf("decode %s: %v", word, err)
+		}
+		return w
+	}
+
+	if got := capture("comum", `{"word":"comum","doc_id":"`+pairDoc+`"}`); got.Lang != "pair" {
+		t.Fatalf("word from a flipped document: lang=%q, want pair", got.Lang)
+	}
+	if got := capture("reception", `{"word":"reception","doc_id":"`+enDoc+`"}`); got.Lang != "en" {
+		t.Fatalf("word from an English document: lang=%q, want en", got.Lang)
+	}
+	if got := capture("orphan", `{"word":"orphan"}`); got.Lang != "" {
+		t.Fatalf("word with no document: lang=%q, want empty", got.Lang)
+	}
+
+	// A client that names a language is ignored: the document is the authority,
+	// the same way runPass never lets the request pick its own target.
+	if got := capture("comum", `{"word":"comum","lang":"en","doc_id":"`+pairDoc+`"}`); got.Lang != "pair" {
+		t.Fatalf("client-supplied lang should not win: lang=%q, want pair", got.Lang)
+	}
+}
+
+// TestRecaptureOutsideADocumentKeepsItsLanguage pins the one asymmetry in the
+// upsert. Re-looking-up a word refreshes its context, but a lookup made with no
+// document carries no verdict — and relabelling a Portuguese card English
+// because she checked the word again from the search box would silently move it
+// to the wrong voice. lang travels with doc_id, or it doesn't travel.
+func TestRecaptureOutsideADocumentKeepsItsLanguage(t *testing.T) {
+	srv, database := newTestServer(t)
+	var docID string
+	if err := database.QueryRow(
+		`INSERT INTO documents (user_id, content_text, doc_lang) VALUES (?, 'olá', 'pair') RETURNING id`,
+		db.LocalUserID,
+	).Scan(&docID); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("seed doc: %v", err)
+	}
+	if rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/vocab",
+		`{"word":"saudade","gloss":"","doc_id":"`+docID+`"}`); rec.Code != http.StatusCreated {
+		t.Fatalf("capture: code=%d body=%s", rec.Code, rec.Body)
+	}
+	rec := do(t, srv, http.MethodPost, "/vocab", `{"word":"saudade","gloss":"longing"}`)
+	if rec.Code != http.StatusCreated {
+		t.Fatalf("recapture: code=%d body=%s", rec.Code, rec.Body)
+	}
+	var w Word
+	_ = json.Unmarshal(rec.Body.Bytes(), &w)
+	if w.Lang != "pair" {
+		t.Fatalf("recapture outside a document: lang=%q, want pair held", w.Lang)
+	}
+	if w.Gloss != "longing" {
+		t.Fatalf("recapture should still refresh the gloss, got %q", w.Gloss)
+	}
+}

internal/vocab/plant.go

@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+package vocab
+
+import (
+	"database/sql"
+	"strings"
+	"unicode"
+)
+
+// Planting: the garden's second source.
+//
+// Capture (handlers.go) records words the writer *sought out*. Planting records
+// phrasing she was gently *given* — an accepted collocation like "make a
+// decision" is a learnable chunk exactly like a looked-up word, and the SM-2-lite
+// scheduler doesn't care that it's three words rather than one. Together the two
+// halves make the garden a record of both sides of learning.
+//
+// Everything here is best-effort by design: planting hangs off accepting a
+// suggestion, and that accept must succeed whether or not a card comes of it.
+
+// Execer is the slice of *sql.DB (or *sql.Tx) that planting needs.
+type Execer interface {
+	Exec(query string, args ...any) (sql.Result, error)
+}
+
+// Phrase is one chunk to plant.
+type Phrase struct {
+	Text    string  // the corrected phrasing, e.g. "make a decision"
+	Meaning string  // why it's better — the suggestion's explanation
+	Example string  // the sentence she met it in, already corrected
+	DocID   *string // where, so "where did I see this?" stays one tap
+	// Lang is the document's verdict ('' | 'en' | 'pair'), because the chunk is
+	// lifted out of her own prose and is therefore in whatever language that
+	// prose is. See migration 0018.
+	Lang string
+}
+
+// Phrase-card caps. A collocation is a short chunk; anything longer is a
+// rewritten sentence wearing a collocation's label, and a sentence makes a
+// miserable flashcard. Both bounds are deliberately tight — the cost of
+// skipping a real chunk is one missing card, the cost of planting a sentence is
+// a garden the writer stops trusting.
+const (
+	maxPhraseRunes = 60
+	maxPhraseWords = 6
+	minPhraseWords = 2
+)
+
+// PhraseKey normalizes a replacement into a garden key, or returns "" when the
+// text isn't a plantable chunk.
+//
+// Lowercasing matches capture's normalization, so a phrase and a looked-up word
+// share one UNIQUE(user_id, word) namespace rather than colliding sideways.
+// Single words are rejected on purpose: a one-word fix is word choice, and word
+// choice already reaches the garden through lookup — planting it here would give
+// it a card with no gloss and no phonetic, which reviews badly.
+func PhraseKey(text string) string {
+	// Collapse all whitespace (a replacement can carry a newline from the
+	// editor) so the key is stable and the word count is honest.
+	s := strings.Join(strings.Fields(strings.ToLower(text)), " ")
+	// Trim the punctuation a phrase picks up from the sentence around it, but
+	// leave inner marks alone: "can't afford" and "in one's own time" are chunks.
+	s = strings.Trim(s, `.,;:!?…"'“”‘’()[]`)
+	s = strings.TrimSpace(s)
+	if s == "" || len([]rune(s)) > maxPhraseRunes {
+		return ""
+	}
+	n := len(strings.Fields(s))
+	if n < minPhraseWords || n > maxPhraseWords {
+		return ""
+	}
+	// A chunk of pure digits or symbols ("12 000", "-- --") isn't vocabulary.
+	if !strings.ContainsFunc(s, unicode.IsLetter) {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return s
+}
+
+// Plant adds a phrase card to the garden, due tomorrow like any fresh capture.
+// It reports whether a new card was created.
+//
+// ON CONFLICT DO NOTHING, unlike capture's refresh-the-context upsert: accepting
+// the same collocation again months later is evidence the chunk is still being
+// learned, and the last thing that should do is overwrite the card's first
+// context or disturb a schedule it has been climbing. An existing card wins.
+func Plant(ex Execer, userID string, p Phrase) (bool, error) {
+	key := PhraseKey(p.Text)
+	if key == "" {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+	res, err := ex.Exec(
+		`INSERT INTO vocab_words (user_id, word, gloss, definition, phonetic, example, doc_id, lang, due_at, interval_days)
+		 VALUES (?, ?, '', ?, '', ?, ?, ?, datetime('now', '+1 day'), 1)
+		 ON CONFLICT(user_id, word) DO NOTHING`,
+		userID, key,
+		clamp(strings.TrimSpace(p.Meaning), maxDefinitionLen),
+		clamp(strings.TrimSpace(p.Example), maxExampleLen),
+		p.DocID,
+		p.Lang,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	n, err := res.RowsAffected()
+	return n > 0, err
+}

internal/vocab/plant_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+package vocab
+
+import (
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"gitea.parodia.dev/drwily/petal/internal/db"
+)
+
+func TestPhraseKey(t *testing.T) {
+	cases := []struct {
+		in, want string
+	}{
+		{"make a decision", "make a decision"},
+		{"Make A Decision", "make a decision"},        // shares one namespace with lookups
+		{"  make   a\ndecision  ", "make a decision"}, // the editor's whitespace
+		{"“make a decision.”", "make a decision"},     // punctuation from the sentence around it
+		{"can’t afford it", "can’t afford it"},        // inner marks are part of the chunk
+		{"decision", ""},      // word choice, not a chunk — lookup's job
+		{"", ""},              //
+		{"...", ""},           //
+		{"12 000", ""},        // digits aren't vocabulary
+		{"a b c d e f g", ""}, // a clause wearing a chunk's label
+		{"in one’s own good time again", "in one’s own good time again"}, // six words is still a chunk
+	}
+	for _, tc := range cases {
+		if got := PhraseKey(tc.in); got != tc.want {
+			t.Errorf("PhraseKey(%q) = %q, want %q", tc.in, got, tc.want)
+		}
+	}
+	// The length cap counts runes, not bytes — otherwise a Portuguese chunk well
+	// inside the limit would be dropped for being accented.
+	accented := "ãããããã ãããããã ãããããã ãããããã ãããããã" // 34 runes, 64 bytes
+	if got := PhraseKey(accented); got != accented {
+		t.Errorf("PhraseKey(%d runes / %d bytes) = %q, want it kept", len([]rune(accented)), len(accented), got)
+	}
+	long := "ãããããããããããã ãããããããããããã ãããããããããããã ãããããããããããã ãããããããããããã ãããããããããããã"
+	if got := PhraseKey(long); got != "" {
+		t.Errorf("PhraseKey(%d runes) = %q, want \"\"", len([]rune(long)), got)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestPlantCreatesOnceAndReportsIt(t *testing.T) {
+	database, err := db.Open(filepath.Join(t.TempDir(), "test.db"))
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("open db: %v", err)
+	}
+	t.Cleanup(func() { database.Close() })
+
+	p := Phrase{Text: "make a decision", Meaning: "why", Example: "I had to make a decision."}
+	created, err := Plant(database, db.LocalUserID, p)
+	if err != nil || !created {
+		t.Fatalf("first plant: created=%v err=%v", created, err)
+	}
+	created, err = Plant(database, db.LocalUserID, p)
+	if err != nil || created {
+		t.Fatalf("second plant: created=%v err=%v, want false", created, err)
+	}
+
+	// A card that isn't plantable is a silent no-op, not an error: planting hangs
+	// off accepting an edit, and that accept must never fail for a flashcard.
+	created, err = Plant(database, db.LocalUserID, Phrase{Text: "decision"})
+	if err != nil || created {
+		t.Fatalf("unplantable: created=%v err=%v", created, err)
+	}
+
+	var n int
+	if err := database.QueryRow(`SELECT count(*) FROM vocab_words WHERE user_id = ?`, db.LocalUserID).Scan(&n); err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("count: %v", err)
+	}
+	if n != 1 {
+		t.Fatalf("garden has %d cards, want 1", n)
+	}
+}

scripts/build_cedict.py

@@ -0,0 +1,322 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Build the two Chinese assets the learner direction of the zh pair needs.
+
+Why two, and why they are split the way they are
+------------------------------------------------
+Every other pair Petal ships needs one asset: a word list the browser loads so
+it can underline. Chinese needs two, because the browser and the server want
+different halves of the same dictionary and for different reasons.
+
+  * **The browser needs a word list, and it needs it offline.** Chinese is
+    written without spaces, so there is no such thing as "the word under the
+    cursor" until something segments the sentence. Every ESL surface Petal
+    already has — the hover gloss, the right-click lookup, Ctrl/Cmd+D, the
+    vocabulary garden capture — is built on `wordAt`, and `wordAt` is a regex
+    over Latin letters. Segmentation is what replaces that regex, it runs on
+    every hover, and a round-trip per hover is not a hover. So the word list
+    ships to the browser: `web/public/dictionaries/zh/words.txt`.
+
+  * **The server holds the whole dictionary.** Pinyin and English senses are
+    only ever wanted one word at a time, in answer to a hover or a click, which
+    is exactly what `/api/gloss/{word}` already does for the other direction. So
+    the readings stay in the binary — `internal/lexicon/data/hanzi.json.gz` —
+    where their size costs a browser nothing.
+
+That split is what makes the coverage decisions below come out *opposite* to
+each other, and both are deliberate.
+
+Two sources, because neither one has both halves
+------------------------------------------------
+  * **CC-CEDICT** (CC BY-SA 4.0, https://www.mdbg.net/) has the headwords,
+    pinyin and English senses, and no frequency information at all.
+  * **jieba's `dict.txt`** (MIT, https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba) has ~349k
+    headwords with corpus frequencies, and no definitions.
+
+Segmentation needs the frequencies: the standard algorithm is a shortest-path
+walk over log-probabilities, not longest-match, and without frequencies the
+classic ambiguities go the wrong way. The client list therefore carries
+`word freq` per line; the gloss map carries readings.
+
+The size decision is the client list, and it is a size decision only
+--------------------------------------------------------------------
+Measured on ordinary learner prose, the segmentation produced by the full jieba
+dictionary (381,886 hanzi headwords once CC-CEDICT is unioned in) and by a
+frequency-gated one is **identical**, including on the textbook ambiguities
+(研究生命的起源, 乒乓球拍卖完了, 南京市长江大桥). What the long tail contains is
+rare proper nouns, and the max-probability walk almost never chooses one: a
+freq-3 name loses to two common words every time. The cases where a missing word
+does change the answer degrade *gracefully* — the sentence splits into smaller
+real words, which is a slightly clumsier gloss, not a wrong underline.
+
+So the gate is set where the size is, at **freq >= 5**: 188,522 words, ~0.97 MB
+gzipped over the wire, in line with fr (1.19 MB) and es (1.74 MB) rather than in
+excess of them. Every CC-CEDICT headword is unioned back in regardless of
+frequency, so the segmenter can always see a word the server can explain.
+
+The gloss map is gated by nothing, for the opposite reason
+-----------------------------------------------------------
+The es phase settled that a *spelling* dictionary should hold the union of every
+variety, because its only power is to underline and it must not underline
+correct writing. This asset's only power is to **explain**, and the word a
+learner stops on is precisely the one they do not know — which is to say, the
+rare one. Trimming this by frequency would remove exactly the entries it exists
+for. All 113,637 glossable headwords ship, ~3.1 MB gzipped, which is less than
+half of what `synonyms.json.gz` has embedded since Phase 9.
+
+Simplified only, and said out loud
+-----------------------------------
+The zh langpack is written in simplified characters and jieba's frequencies are
+counted over simplified text, so the traditional headword in each CC-CEDICT line
+is dropped and simplified is what both assets are keyed by. Glossing traditional
+would be nearly free *here* and useless in the app: nothing would segment it, so
+nothing would ever ask. Traditional support is a real feature and it starts with
+a traditional word list, not with this file.
+
+Usage:
+    curl -sL https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/export/cedict/cedict_1_0_ts_utf-8_mdbg.txt.gz | gunzip > cedict.txt
+    curl -sL https://raw.githubusercontent.com/fxsjy/jieba/master/jieba/dict.txt -o jieba.txt
+    python3 scripts/build_cedict.py cedict.txt jieba.txt \
+        web/public/dictionaries/zh/words.txt.gz \
+        internal/lexicon/data/hanzi.json.gz
+"""
+import gzip
+import json
+import re
+import sys
+
+# Frequency gate for the *client* list only (see the module docstring). Words
+# below it survive if CC-CEDICT knows them, so "segmentable" is always a superset
+# of "glossable" and a hover can never land on a word the server cannot explain.
+MIN_FREQ = 5
+
+# A CC-CEDICT headword we keep must be nothing but han characters. This drops the
+# entries that are really English or numerals with a Chinese gloss attached
+# ("AA制", "PM2.5", "11区"): the segmenter walks runs of hanzi, so a mixed
+# headword can never be matched anyway, and a Latin one would collide with the
+# English tokenizer that is still running on the same paragraph.
+HANZI_ONLY = re.compile(r'^[一-鿿]+$')
+
+CEDICT_LINE = re.compile(r'^(\S+) (\S+) \[(.*?)\] /(.*)/$')
+
+# At most this many readings per word, and this many senses per reading. Two
+# readings is not an arbitrary cap: it is what the particles need. 得 is dé "to
+# obtain" *and* de, the complement marker — and a learner who hovers 得 in
+# 说得很好 and is told only "to obtain" has been actively misinformed. Beyond two
+# the tail is dialect and surnames, which crowd out the sense actually wanted.
+MAX_READINGS = 2
+MAX_SENSES = 3
+MAX_SENSE_CHARS = 110
+
+# Senses that describe the *dictionary* rather than the word. A learner hovering
+# a word wants to know what it means, not that it is an orthographic variant of
+# another headword they also do not know.
+SKIP_SENSE_PREFIXES = ('variant of', 'old variant', 'see ', 'used in', 'abbr. for')
+
+# ── pinyin: numbered syllables to tone marks ────────────────────────────────
+# CC-CEDICT stores "gong1 yuan2". A learner reading their own writing back wants
+# gōngyuán: the tone mark is the part that is hard to remember and the part that
+# changes the word. The placement rule is the standard one — a/o/e take the mark
+# if present, otherwise the last vowel of the final — and it is small enough to
+# do here rather than to take a dependency for.
+TONE_VOWELS = {
+    'a': 'āáǎà',
+    'e': 'ēéěè',
+    'i': 'īíǐì',
+    'o': 'ōóǒò',
+    'u': 'ūúǔù',
+    'ü': 'ǖǘǚǜ',
+}
+
+SYLLABLE = re.compile(r'^([a-zA-Zü:]+)([1-5])$')
+
+
+def tone_mark(syllable: str) -> str:
+    """One numbered pinyin syllable to its tone-marked form."""
+    m = SYLLABLE.match(syllable)
+    if not m:
+        # Punctuation, a bare letter (CC-CEDICT writes "X" for unknown), or an
+        # already-marked syllable: pass it through rather than mangling it.
+        return syllable
+    body, tone = m.group(1), int(m.group(2))
+    # CC-CEDICT writes ü as "u:" and, in a few entries, as "v".
+    body = body.replace('u:', 'ü').replace('U:', 'Ü').replace('v', 'ü').replace('V', 'Ü')
+    if tone == 5:  # neutral tone carries no mark
+        return body
+    low = body.lower()
+    idx = -1
+    for vowel in ('a', 'o', 'e'):
+        idx = low.find(vowel)
+        if idx >= 0:
+            break
+    if idx < 0:
+        # No a/o/e: the mark goes on the last of i/u/ü (liú, guǐ, nǚ).
+        idx = max(low.rfind('i'), low.rfind('u'), low.rfind('ü'))
+    if idx < 0:
+        return body
+    marked = TONE_VOWELS[low[idx]][tone - 1]
+    if body[idx].isupper():
+        marked = marked.upper()
+    return body[:idx] + marked + body[idx + 1:]
+
+
+def pinyin(numbered: str) -> str:
+    """A whole CC-CEDICT pinyin field to tone marks, syllables joined up.
+
+    Joined rather than spaced because that is how a word is written when it is
+    being read as a word (gōngyuán, not gōng yuán); the spaces in the source are
+    a storage convention, not orthography.
+    """
+    return ''.join(tone_mark(s) for s in numbered.split())
+
+
+def clean_senses(raw: list[str]) -> list[str]:
+    """Strip the apparatus CC-CEDICT carries for lexicographers, not learners."""
+    out = []
+    for sense in raw:
+        # "CL:座[zuo4]" is the measure-word field, useful and not a definition.
+        sense = re.sub(r'\s*CL:.*$', '', sense).strip()
+        # Bracketed pinyin cross-references ("abbr. for 的士[di1 shi4]").
+        sense = re.sub(r'\[[a-zA-Z0-9: ]+\]', '', sense).strip()
+        # Both edits cut inside parentheses — "cat (CL:只)" loses its closing
+        # bracket and leaves "cat (" on the card. Drop a dangling opener rather
+        # than trying to rebalance: what it introduced is gone.
+        if sense.count('(') > sense.count(')'):
+            sense = re.sub(r'\s*\([^()]*$', '', sense).strip()
+        if not sense or sense.startswith(SKIP_SENSE_PREFIXES):
+            continue
+        out.append(sense)
+    return out
+
+
+def read_cedict(path: str) -> dict[str, list[tuple[str, list[str]]]]:
+    entries: dict[str, list[tuple[str, list[str]]]] = {}
+    for line in open(path, encoding='utf-8'):
+        if line.startswith('#'):
+            continue
+        m = CEDICT_LINE.match(line.strip())
+        if not m:
+            continue
+        _traditional, simplified, py, defs = m.groups()
+        if not HANZI_ONLY.match(simplified):
+            continue
+        entries.setdefault(simplified, []).append((py, defs.split('/')))
+    return entries
+
+
+def read_jieba(path: str) -> dict[str, int]:
+    freqs: dict[str, int] = {}
+    for line in open(path, encoding='utf-8'):
+        parts = line.split()
+        if len(parts) >= 2 and HANZI_ONLY.match(parts[0]):
+            freqs[parts[0]] = int(parts[1])
+    return freqs
+
+
+# ── the assertions ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+# The es phase's lesson, in the place it applies here: a check that every
+# plausible input would pass is not a check. The Spanish MUST_ACCEPT list
+# asserted vocabulary that all twenty-four builds carried, so it could not tell
+# them apart. These assert the things that actually go wrong in *this* build —
+# a mis-parsed pinyin field, a missing particle reading, a word list gated so
+# hard the segmenter can no longer see a word the server can explain.
+
+# Tone marking, including the three cases the placement rule exists for.
+MUST_MARK = {
+    'gong1 yuan2': 'gōngyuán',   # a/o/e rule, first syllable
+    'pao3 bu4': 'pǎobù',
+    'liu2': 'liú',               # no a/o/e: mark the *last* of i/u
+    'gui3': 'guǐ',
+    'nu:3': 'nǚ',                # u: is ü
+    'lu:e4': 'lüè',              # ü and an e in the same syllable: e wins
+    'de5': 'de',                 # neutral tone takes no mark at all
+    'Zhong1 wen2': 'Zhōngwén',   # capitalised headword keeps its capital
+}
+
+# The particles the 错别字 rules are about must each carry the *grammatical*
+# reading, not only the lexical one. 的/地/得 are the single most confused triple
+# in written Chinese and all three are neutral-tone "de" in the use that matters;
+# an entry that only knows 得 as dé is worse than no entry.
+MUST_READ_DE = ('的', '地', '得')
+
+# Words the segmenter must be able to see. 图书馆 and 乒乓球 are ordinary
+# vocabulary; 我 and 的 are the two commonest words in the language and a gate
+# that dropped either would be visibly broken; 的士 is a CC-CEDICT headword rare
+# enough to fall below the frequency gate, and is here to prove the union.
+MUST_SEGMENT = ('我', '的', '图书馆', '乒乓球', '公园', '的士')
+
+
+def check(words: dict[str, int], gloss: dict[str, list[list[str]]]) -> None:
+    for numbered, want in MUST_MARK.items():
+        got = pinyin(numbered)
+        assert got == want, f'pinyin({numbered!r}) = {got!r}, want {want!r}'
+
+    for particle in MUST_READ_DE:
+        readings = gloss.get(particle)
+        assert readings, f'{particle} has no gloss entry at all'
+        assert any(r[0] == 'de' for r in readings), \
+            f'{particle} never reads as neutral "de": {readings}'
+
+    for word in MUST_SEGMENT:
+        assert word in words, f'{word} missing from the segmentation list'
+
+    # The invariant the two gates exist to keep: everything the server can
+    # explain, the browser can find.
+    missing = [w for w in gloss if w not in words]
+    assert not missing, f'{len(missing)} glossable words are unsegmentable, e.g. {missing[:5]}'
+
+    # Nothing Latin leaked into either asset (see HANZI_ONLY).
+    for name, keys in (('words', words), ('gloss', gloss)):
+        bad = [k for k in keys if not HANZI_ONLY.match(k)]
+        assert not bad, f'non-hanzi headwords in {name}: {bad[:5]}'
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    if len(sys.argv) != 5:
+        sys.exit(__doc__.strip().rsplit('Usage:', 1)[-1].strip())
+    cedict_path, jieba_path, words_out, gloss_out = sys.argv[1:]
+
+    entries = read_cedict(cedict_path)
+    freqs = read_jieba(jieba_path)
+
+    # The client list: frequency-gated, then unioned with every glossable word.
+    # A CC-CEDICT word jieba has never seen gets frequency 1 — real, and rare
+    # enough that the max-probability walk will only choose it when nothing else
+    # fits, which is exactly the standing it should have.
+    words = {w: f for w, f in freqs.items() if f >= MIN_FREQ}
+    for w in entries:
+        words.setdefault(w, 1)
+
+    gloss: dict[str, list[list[str]]] = {}
+    for word, rows in entries.items():
+        readings: list[list[str]] = []
+        for numbered, defs in rows:
+            senses = clean_senses(defs)
+            if not senses:
+                continue
+            readings.append([pinyin(numbered), '; '.join(senses[:MAX_SENSES])[:MAX_SENSE_CHARS]])
+            if len(readings) == MAX_READINGS:
+                break
+        if readings:
+            gloss[word] = readings
+
+    check(words, gloss)
+
+    # Gzipped on disk, like the pt-PT/fr/es word lists: the browser inflates it
+    # with DecompressionStream (see useSpellChecker.fetchText), which costs no
+    # bundle bytes, and 0.97 MB over the wire rather than 2.23 MB is the whole
+    # difference between this and the biggest asset Petal ships.
+    body = ('\n'.join(f'{w} {words[w]}' for w in sorted(words)) + '\n').encode('utf-8')
+    with gzip.open(words_out, 'wb', compresslevel=9) as fh:
+        fh.write(body)
+
+    payload = json.dumps(gloss, ensure_ascii=False, separators=(',', ':')).encode('utf-8')
+    with gzip.open(gloss_out, 'wb', compresslevel=9) as fh:
+        fh.write(payload)
+
+    print(f'{words_out}: {len(words)} words, {len(body) / 1e6:.2f} MB raw, '
+          f'{len(gzip.compress(body, 9)) / 1e6:.2f} MB gzipped')
+    print(f'{gloss_out}: {len(gloss)} entries, {len(gzip.compress(payload, 9)) / 1e6:.2f} MB gzipped')
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    main()

scripts/build_hunspell_dictionary.py

@@ -0,0 +1,543 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Build one of Petal's browser spelling dictionaries from a Hunspell one.
+
+Why this script exists at all
+----------------------------
+English is vendored the obvious way: `dictionary-en`'s `en.aff` + `en.dic` go
+into web/public/dictionaries/en and nspell reads them in the browser. The plan
+for Phase 21 said "Hunspell pt-PT vendored like en-US", and that turns out not to
+work, for a measured reason.
+
+nspell expands affixes **eagerly at load time** — it materialises every surface
+form into a hash the moment you construct it. English gets away with this: ~50k
+stems and a small rule set. European Portuguese does not. `pt_PT.aff` carries
+1,340 affix rules (the full verb paradigm: six persons x a dozen tenses, plus
+diminutives, plus productive prefixes) over 44,257 stems. Measured on this
+machine, nspell needed ~340 MB of heap for the first 12,000 entries alone and had
+not returned after three minutes on the whole file; extrapolated, it wants well
+over a gigabyte. That is not something to hand a browser, still less a tablet.
+French is larger again: 5,600 affix rules over 84,140 stems.
+
+So the expansion happens **here**, once, at build time, and the browser gets a
+flat word list it can load with no affix machinery at all. The runtime code path
+is then *identical* to English — same nspell, same interface — which is the real
+prize. The aff shipped alongside keeps only the suggestion-shaping directives
+(TRY/KEY/REP/MAP), so corrections still know that "cao" wants "ção" and that a
+missing acute accent is a near miss.
+
+What Phase 24 had to add
+------------------------
+The build plan recorded that the pt-PT version of this script "generalizes" to
+French. It did not. It handled single-character flags and plain PFX/SFX and
+stopped on anything else — the right call, because `fr.aff` uses four of the
+things it stopped on, and getting any of them wrong changes which words are
+accepted:
+
+  * **`FLAG long`** — French flags are *two characters* (`S.`, `L'`, `Um`). The
+    pt-PT reader took `set(flagstr)`, one flag per character, which on a French
+    entry yields a bag of unrelated single letters: every entry would have been
+    expanded through the wrong paradigm. This is the one that fails silently.
+  * **Continuation flags** — pt-PT's affixes append plain text, so that script
+    dropped anything after a `/` and asserted the drop was safe. French really
+    does affix an affixed form: `PFX Um 0 0/S.` says the prefixed form then takes
+    the plural suffix, and the elision prefixes arrive the same way from the
+    other side (`SFX ... ait/n'q'l'm't's'`).
+  * **`NEEDAFFIX`** — French marks thousands of stems "not a word on its own"
+    (`Allemagne/S.()`), the bare form arriving instead through a zero-append
+    rule. Ignoring the flag accepts stems the real dictionary rejects.
+  * **`FULLSTRIP`** — a rule may strip the whole stem.
+
+`CIRCUMFIX` and `FORBIDDENWORD` are *declared* in `fr.aff` and used by nothing,
+which this script asserts rather than assumes: an upstream release that started
+using either would otherwise change what is accepted without changing this file.
+`KEEPCASE` and `NOSUGGEST` are honoured by being ignored on purpose — they shape
+casing and suggestions, not membership, and a NOSUGGEST word is still a word.
+
+Elision is handled at lookup, not here — and that is the size decision
+----------------------------------------------------------------------
+Most of French's affix machinery by volume is elision: `l'`, `d'`, `qu'`, `j'`,
+`n'`, `s'`, `jusqu'`, `puisqu'`. Hunspell treats `l'arbre` as one word, so a
+faithful expansion carries much of the language thirty-four times over — and
+Petal's tokenizer keeps internal apostrophes, so `l'arbre` really does arrive at
+the dictionary as one token and really would be underlined if it were absent.
+
+Both halves were built and measured. Keeping the elided forms: **3,159,832 forms,
+8.25 MB gzipped**, ~45 MB of text for nspell to hash on a tablet. Dropping them:
+**473,326 forms, 1.19 MB gzipped**. The elided seven-eighths are not new words —
+they are thirteen little words glued to words already in the list — so the third
+option is the one taken: rules whose append carries an apostrophe are skipped
+here (the count is printed), and `withElision` in `useSpellChecker.ts` splits a
+token at a *known clitic* and checks the remainder. `l'arbre` costs one extra
+lookup instead of seven megabytes, and `zzz'arbre` is still flagged because
+`zzz` is not one of the thirteen.
+
+Stems that carry an apostrophe of their own — `aujourd'hui`, `quelqu'un`,
+`presqu'île`, `prud'homme` — are dictionary entries rather than affixed forms,
+so they are kept verbatim and matched directly. `entr'aide` and `grand'mère` are
+absent for the same reason they are absent from Dicollecte: modern French spells
+them `entraide` and `grand-mère`.
+
+Choosing the source
+-------------------
+Both languages have a trap here, and they are different traps.
+
+**pt-PT: the wrong country.** npm's `dictionary-pt` is not European Portuguese.
+Both it and `dictionary-pt-br` package VERO ("Verificador Ortográfico Livre",
+Brasil), so vendoring the obvious npm name would have shipped Brazilian spellings
+under a pt-PT label — the pt-BR drift SUGGESTIONS.md §3 warns about, arriving
+through the packaging rather than through the model. The authentic dictionary is
+the Projecto Natura one (Universidade do Minho) that LibreOffice ships and Debian
+packages as `hunspell-pt-pt`; its aff declares `LANG pt_PT`.
+
+**es: the wrong country again, hidden one layer further down.** Spanish looked
+like it would repeat the pt trap — `hunspell-es` installs twenty country codes,
+`es_AR` through `es_VE` — and then looked like it did not, because every one of
+them is a symlink to a single `es_ES.aff`/`es_ES.dic`. Both readings were wrong.
+Debian collapses the twenty because it ships **one** of upstream's builds, and
+the one it ships is the **peninsular** `es_ES`. RLA (Santiago Bosio's project,
+`sbosio/rla-es`) publishes twenty-four dictionaries per release: one per country,
+plus a **generic `es`** that is the union of all of them. Debian packages neither
+the generic one nor a choice — it packages Spain, under a name that reads like
+"Spanish".
+
+Measured against the v2.9 release: Debian's file is 659,085 expanded forms and
+upstream `es_ES` is 659,018; the generic `es` is **717,640**. The 58,622-form
+difference is almost entirely **voseo** — `vení`, `tenés`, `querés`, `sabés`,
+`andá` — the present tense of most of Latin America, which Debian's package
+rejects as misspellings. Petal ships the **generic** build.
+
+**Vocabulary cannot detect this and morphology can.** The first version of the es
+profile asserted the pan-Hispanic lexicon — *computadora* and *ordenador*, *papa*
+and *patata* — and passed happily on the peninsular file, because **every** RLA
+variant carries the full pan-Hispanic vocabulary; only the verb paradigms are
+localised. The `REP` table is no help either: its `ll`↔`y` and `ás`↔`az` entries
+look like evidence of yeísmo and seseo, but they are shared by all twenty-four
+builds. What separates them is exactly two things, and the profile now demands
+both at once: **voseo** (absent from `es_ES`) and **vosotros** (largely absent
+from `es_MX`). Only the generic build has both, so only the generic build passes.
+
+This is the same decision fr made between `-classical` and `-revised`, arriving
+by a different road. The only thing this dictionary can do is underline
+something, and *tienes* and *tenés* are both correct Spanish taught in different
+countries — so Petal takes the build that accepts every variety rather than one
+that makes a writer wrong for where she is from. Nothing is generated to get
+there: the forms come from a real upstream package, which is what lets the
+MUST_ACCEPT list prove which package it was.
+
+Licensing note: RLA is tri-licensed GPL-3+ / LGPL-3+ / MPL-1.1+; Petal
+redistributes under the MPL. The upstream README and LICENSE are vendored beside
+the output.
+
+**fr: the wrong side of an argument the French have not settled.** The regional
+question turns out to be a non-question — Debian's `fr_FR`, `fr_CA`, `fr_BE`,
+`fr_CH`, `fr_LU` and `fr_MC` are all symlinks to one `fr.dic`, so unlike pt there
+is no country here to get wrong. What there is instead is the 1990 spelling
+reform, packaged three ways: `hunspell-fr-classical` (traditional), `-revised`
+(reform only) and `-comprehensive` (both). Petal ships **comprehensive**, because
+Petal never corrects her French — the only thing this dictionary can do is
+underline something. *coût* and *cout* are both correct French, taught in
+different decades to different people, and a writing companion has no business
+underlining one of them to take a side. The `fr` MUST_ACCEPT list is written to
+*prove* which package was used: classical rejects `cout`, revised rejects `coût`,
+and only comprehensive accepts both.
+
+Licensing: pt-PT is GPL-2 or LGPL-2.1 or MPL-1.1, (c) José João de Almeida, Rui
+Vilela, Alberto Simões. fr is MPL-2.0, (c) 2007-2018 the Dicollecte contributors
+(grammalecte.net). The upstream copyright file is vendored beside each output.
+
+Usage
+-----
+    apt-get download hunspell-fr-comprehensive     # or hunspell-pt-pt
+    dpkg-deb -x hunspell-fr-comprehensive_*.deb src
+    python3 scripts/build_hunspell_dictionary.py fr \\
+        src/usr/share/hunspell/fr.aff \\
+        src/usr/share/hunspell/fr.dic \\
+        web/public/dictionaries/fr
+
+Spanish does not come from Debian — see below; `hunspell-es` is the peninsular
+build. Take the generic dictionary from an upstream release instead:
+
+    curl -LO https://github.com/sbosio/rla-es/releases/download/v2.9/es.oxt
+    unzip -d src es.oxt                            # an .oxt is a zip
+    python3 scripts/build_hunspell_dictionary.py es \\
+        src/es.aff src/es.dic web/public/dictionaries/es
+"""
+import gzip
+import os
+import re
+import sys
+import unicodedata
+
+# Directives worth keeping in the shipped aff. These shape *suggestions*, not
+# membership: TRY orders the alphabet the corrector tries, KEY knows which keys
+# are adjacent, REP holds the language's own confusions (cao/ção, ss/ç), and MAP
+# says an accented vowel and its bare form are the same letter for scoring —
+# which is most of what an ESL writer gets wrong in either language.
+KEEP_DIRECTIVES = ("SET", "TRY", "KEY", "REP", "MAP", "WORDCHARS")
+
+# Directives that would change which words are *accepted* and that this expander
+# does not implement. If a future upstream release starts using one, the output
+# would silently disagree with the real dictionary, so the build stops instead.
+UNSUPPORTED = (
+    "COMPOUNDFLAG", "COMPOUNDMIN", "COMPOUNDRULE", "COMPOUNDBEGIN",
+    "ONLYINCOMPOUND", "PSEUDOROOT", "AF", "AM",
+)
+
+APOSTROPHES = "'’"
+
+
+class Aff:
+    """The parts of an .aff file that decide which words exist."""
+
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.pfx = {}      # flag -> [(strip, append, condition, continuation)]
+        self.sfx = {}
+        # Cross-product, per flag — and kept per table, because PFX and SFX are
+        # separate flag namespaces in hunspell: the same flag may name a prefix
+        # table and a suffix table, with different cross-product settings. One
+        # shared dict let the second block silently overwrite the first.
+        self.cross_pfx = {}   # flag -> bool
+        self.cross_sfx = {}
+        self.flag_kind = "char"
+        self.needaffix = None
+        self.circumfix = None
+        self.forbidden = None
+        self.dropped_apostrophe_rules = 0
+
+
+def parse_flags(raw, kind):
+    """Split a flag string into flags, per the aff's FLAG declaration."""
+    raw = raw.strip()
+    if not raw:
+        return set()
+    if kind == "long":
+        # Two characters per flag, exactly. An odd length is a malformed flag
+        # string, and silently dropping the trailing character would quietly
+        # expand an entry through the wrong paradigm — the failure mode this
+        # whole FLAG-aware rewrite exists to avoid.
+        if len(raw) % 2:
+            raise SystemExit(f"odd-length long flag string {raw!r}")
+        return {raw[i:i + 2] for i in range(0, len(raw), 2)}
+    if kind == "num":
+        return {f for f in raw.split(",") if f}
+    return set(raw)
+
+
+def parse_aff(path):
+    with open(path, encoding="utf-8") as fh:
+        lines = fh.read().splitlines()
+
+    aff = Aff()
+
+    # FLAG has to be known before anything containing a flag is read, and it can
+    # sit anywhere in the file. So: header pass first, rules second.
+    for line in lines:
+        parts = line.split()
+        if not parts:
+            continue
+        head = parts[0]
+        if head in UNSUPPORTED:
+            raise SystemExit(
+                f"{path}: unsupported directive {head!r} — this expander handles "
+                "PFX/SFX affixation with continuation flags, and honouring "
+                f"{head} would change which words are accepted. Extend the "
+                "script before shipping."
+            )
+        if len(parts) < 2:
+            continue
+        if head == "FLAG":
+            aff.flag_kind = parts[1]
+            if aff.flag_kind not in ("long", "num", "UTF-8"):
+                raise SystemExit(f"{path}: unknown FLAG type {aff.flag_kind!r}")
+        elif head == "NEEDAFFIX":
+            aff.needaffix = parts[1]
+        elif head == "CIRCUMFIX":
+            aff.circumfix = parts[1]
+        elif head == "FORBIDDENWORD":
+            aff.forbidden = parts[1]
+
+    i = 0
+    while i < len(lines):
+        parts = lines[i].split()
+        if parts and parts[0] in ("PFX", "SFX"):
+            kind, flag, cross_flag, count = parts[0], parts[1], parts[2], int(parts[3])
+            table = aff.pfx if kind == "PFX" else aff.sfx
+            cross = aff.cross_pfx if kind == "PFX" else aff.cross_sfx
+            cross[flag] = cross_flag == "Y"
+            rules = table.setdefault(flag, [])
+            for j in range(1, count + 1):
+                p = lines[i + j].split()
+                strip = "" if p[2] == "0" else p[2]
+                append, _, cont_raw = p[3].partition("/")
+                if append == "0":
+                    append = ""
+                # Elision. See the header: these forms are `l'` and its twelve
+                # siblings glued to words already in the list, they multiply the
+                # download by seven, and `withElision` reconstructs them at
+                # lookup for the cost of one extra hash probe.
+                if any(a in append for a in APOSTROPHES):
+                    aff.dropped_apostrophe_rules += 1
+                    continue
+                cont = parse_flags(cont_raw, aff.flag_kind)
+                if aff.circumfix and aff.circumfix in cont:
+                    raise SystemExit(
+                        f"{path}: CIRCUMFIX is used by a {kind} {flag} rule. It "
+                        "was declared-but-unused when this expander was written "
+                        "and is not implemented; honouring it would change which "
+                        "words are accepted."
+                    )
+                cond = p[4] if len(p) > 4 else "."
+                anchored = ("^" + cond) if kind == "PFX" else (cond + "$")
+                rules.append((strip, append, re.compile(anchored), cont))
+            i += count + 1
+            continue
+        i += 1
+    return aff
+
+
+def apply_suffix(word, rules):
+    """Every (form, continuation flags) a suffix table yields for `word`."""
+    out = []
+    for strip, append, cond, cont in rules:
+        if strip and not word.endswith(strip):
+            continue
+        if not cond.search(word):
+            continue
+        stem = word[: len(word) - len(strip)] if strip else word
+        out.append((stem + append, cont))
+    return out
+
+
+def apply_prefix(word, rules):
+    out = []
+    for strip, append, cond, cont in rules:
+        if strip and not word.startswith(strip):
+            continue
+        if not cond.search(word):
+            continue
+        stem = word[len(strip):] if strip else word
+        out.append((append + stem, cont))
+    return out
+
+
+def expand_entry(word, flags, aff, out):
+    """Add every surface form of one dictionary entry to `out`.
+
+    Hunspell's model without compounding: a form is the stem plus at most one
+    prefix and at most one suffix. A flag reaches an affix either from the stem's
+    own flags or from the continuation flags of the affix applied on the other
+    side; when both sides apply, both rules must be declared cross-product.
+
+    NEEDAFFIX is why the bare form is not simply added: the flag says *this* form
+    is not a word, only whatever can be built from it — and it arrives both on
+    stems and on continuations.
+    """
+    def is_word(carried):
+        return not (aff.needaffix and aff.needaffix in carried)
+
+    if is_word(flags):
+        out.add(word)
+
+    suffixed = []   # (form, flag, continuation flags)
+    for f in flags:
+        if f in aff.sfx:
+            for form, cont in apply_suffix(word, aff.sfx[f]):
+                suffixed.append((form, f, cont))
+                if is_word(cont):
+                    out.add(form)
+
+    prefixed = []
+    for f in flags:
+        if f in aff.pfx:
+            for form, cont in apply_prefix(word, aff.pfx[f]):
+                prefixed.append((form, f, cont))
+                if is_word(cont):
+                    out.add(form)
+
+    # Prefix then suffix. The suffix flag may come from the stem or from the
+    # prefix's own continuation (`PFX Um 0 0/S.`), and the suffix condition is
+    # matched against the whole prefixed word, which is what hunspell does.
+    # NEEDAFFIX is checked here too, exactly as on the single-affix paths above:
+    # a doubly-affixed form whose last continuation still carries the flag is
+    # "not a word on its own", and without compounding there is no third affix
+    # left to make it one.
+    for form, pf, pcont in prefixed:
+        if not aff.cross_pfx.get(pf):
+            continue
+        for f in flags | pcont:
+            if f in aff.sfx and aff.cross_sfx.get(f):
+                for full, fcont in apply_suffix(form, aff.sfx[f]):
+                    if is_word(fcont):
+                        out.add(full)
+
+    # Suffix then prefix — the same pair reached from the other side, which is
+    # how the elision prefixes arrive in French. Only the flags the suffix hands
+    # forward are new here; the stem's own were covered above.
+    for form, sf, scont in suffixed:
+        if not aff.cross_sfx.get(sf):
+            continue
+        for f in scont:
+            if f in aff.pfx and aff.cross_pfx.get(f):
+                for full, fcont in apply_prefix(form, aff.pfx[f]):
+                    if is_word(fcont):
+                        out.add(full)
+
+
+def expand(aff_path, dic_path):
+    aff = parse_aff(aff_path)
+    forms = set()
+    needaffix_stems = 0
+    with open(dic_path, encoding="utf-8") as fh:
+        fh.readline()  # leading entry count, not a word
+        for raw in fh:
+            # Morphological fields (po:nom is:fem) follow the entry, separated by
+            # a tab in pt-PT and by a space in fr.
+            entry = raw.strip().split("\t")[0].split(" ")[0]
+            if not entry:
+                continue
+            word, _, flagstr = entry.partition("/")
+            word = word.strip()
+            if not word:
+                continue
+            flags = parse_flags(flagstr, aff.flag_kind)
+            if aff.forbidden and aff.forbidden in flags:
+                raise SystemExit(
+                    f"{dic_path}: FORBIDDENWORD is in use ({word!r}). It was "
+                    "declared-but-unused when this expander was written; the "
+                    "forms it removes would be wrongly accepted."
+                )
+            if aff.needaffix and aff.needaffix in flags:
+                needaffix_stems += 1
+            expand_entry(word, flags, aff, forms)
+
+    # NFC, because the aff's own ICONV table normalises decomposed accents on the
+    # way in and the browser hands nspell whatever the keyboard produced.
+    forms = {unicodedata.normalize("NFC", f) for f in forms}
+    return forms, aff, needaffix_stems
+
+
+def shipped_aff(aff_path):
+    keep = []
+    for line in open(aff_path, encoding="utf-8").read().splitlines():
+        head = line.split()[0] if line.split() else ""
+        if head in KEEP_DIRECTIVES:
+            keep.append(line)
+    return "\n".join(keep) + "\n"
+
+
+# Words the built list must accept, and must reject, before it is written. Each
+# set is chosen to fail loudly on the *specific* wrong source that language has a
+# packaged, plausible way of reaching — not to spot-check spelling in general.
+PROFILES = {
+    # The pt-PT/pt-BR fault lines: post-Acordo spellings, the European lexicon,
+    # and the first-person-plural preterite accent that only pt-PT writes.
+    "pt-PT": {
+        "accept": ("receção", "húmido", "telemóvel", "autocarro", "comboio",
+                   "ótimo", "pensámos", "escrevêssemos", "jardim"),
+        "reject": ("recepção", "úmido", "ônibus", "óptimo"),
+        "wrong": "this does not look like European Portuguese",
+    },
+    # Which of the three 1990-reform packagings this is. `coût`/`cout` and
+    # `paraître`/`paraitre` are each accepted by exactly one of classical and
+    # revised, so a build accepting all four is comprehensive and one that drops
+    # any of them is not. `Allemagne` is a NEEDAFFIX stem reachable only through
+    # a zero-append rule and `km` only through a prefix continuation, so between
+    # them they also check that this expander honoured the two features the
+    # pt-PT one refused.
+    "fr": {
+        "accept": ("coût", "cout", "paraître", "paraitre", "nénuphar", "nénufar",
+                   "oignon", "ognon", "événement", "évènement", "jardin",
+                   "Allemagne", "écrivissions", "km"),
+        "reject": ("jardinn", "écrivaitz", "xyzzyque"),
+        "wrong": "this does not look like the comprehensive French dictionary",
+    },
+    # The generic RLA build, and the accept list is written to reject the four
+    # neighbouring builds rather than to describe this one.
+    #
+    # The first version of this profile demanded *computadora* and *ordenador*,
+    # *papa* and *patata*, and passed — on the peninsular file, because **every**
+    # RLA variant carries the whole pan-Hispanic vocabulary. Vocabulary does not
+    # discriminate here at all; only morphology does, and it discriminates
+    # completely:
+    #
+    #   * **voseo** (`vení`, `tenés`, `querés`) is in `es` and `es_AR` and not in
+    #     `es_ES` or Debian's package. Demanding it rejects the peninsular build.
+    #   * **vosotros** (`tenéis`, `escribid`) is in `es`, `es_AR` and `es_ES`, and
+    #     largely absent from `es_MX`. Demanding it rejects the Mexican build.
+    #
+    # Requiring both at once leaves exactly one package standing: the generic
+    # `es`, which is the only one that accepts every variety of Spanish. That is
+    # the same reason fr ships `-comprehensive` — the only thing this dictionary
+    # can do is underline something, and *tienes* and *tenés* are both correct
+    # Spanish taught in different countries.
+    #
+    # The rest are shape checks: `escribiésemos` is the -se imperfect subjunctive,
+    # `dámelo` proves the enclitic pronoun rules ran, and `jardín`/`niño` prove
+    # FLAG UTF-8 was read as characters rather than bytes.
+    "es": {
+        "accept": (
+            # Rejects es_ES and Debian's hunspell-es.
+            "vení", "tenés", "querés", "sabés", "andá",
+            # Rejects es_MX.
+            "tenéis", "escribid",
+            # Rejects es_AR, which has both voseo and vosotros and would
+            # otherwise pass. Caribbean and Andean everyday words: the generic
+            # build is the union of all twenty-four, so it is the only one that
+            # holds another region's vocabulary as well as its own.
+            "arepa", "chévere", "bacán",
+            # Pan-Hispanic vocabulary. These pass on every RLA build, so they
+            # prove nothing on their own — kept because a source that stopped
+            # being RLA at all would fail them.
+            "computadora", "ordenador", "papa", "patata", "jugo", "zumo",
+            # Morphology and encoding.
+            "escribiéramos", "escribiésemos", "escríbeme", "dámelo",
+            "jardín", "niño", "corazón",
+        ),
+        "reject": ("jardinn", "escribiz", "xyzzyque", "haiga"),
+        "wrong": "this is not the generic RLA build (a per-country one accepts "
+                 "only some of these)",
+    },
+}
+
+
+def main(lang, aff_path, dic_path, out_dir):
+    profile = PROFILES.get(lang)
+    if profile is None:
+        raise SystemExit(f"no profile for {lang!r}; known: {', '.join(PROFILES)}")
+
+    forms, aff, needaffix_stems = expand(aff_path, dic_path)
+
+    missing = [w for w in profile["accept"] if w not in forms]
+    present = [w for w in profile["reject"] if w in forms]
+    if missing or present:
+        raise SystemExit(
+            f"{profile['wrong']}: missing {missing}, unexpectedly present {present}"
+        )
+
+    os.makedirs(out_dir, exist_ok=True)
+    ordered = sorted(forms)
+    body = f"{len(ordered)}\n" + "\n".join(ordered) + "\n"
+
+    dic_out = os.path.join(out_dir, f"{lang}.dic.gz")
+    # mtime=0 so rebuilding identical input produces an identical file — a
+    # vendored asset that changes on every build is noise in the diff.
+    with gzip.GzipFile(dic_out, "wb", compresslevel=9, mtime=0) as fh:
+        fh.write(body.encode("utf-8"))
+
+    aff_out = os.path.join(out_dir, f"{lang}.aff")
+    with open(aff_out, "w", encoding="utf-8") as fh:
+        fh.write(shipped_aff(aff_path))
+
+    print(f"{len(ordered)} forms -> {dic_out} "
+          f"({os.path.getsize(dic_out) / 1e6:.2f} MB gzipped); "
+          f"{needaffix_stems} NEEDAFFIX stems, "
+          f"{aff.dropped_apostrophe_rules} elision rules skipped", file=sys.stderr)
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    if len(sys.argv) != 5:
+        raise SystemExit(
+            "usage: build_hunspell_dictionary.py <lang> <aff> <dic> <out-dir>\n"
+            f"       lang is one of: {', '.join(PROFILES)}"
+        )
+    main(*sys.argv[1:5])

web/package-lock.json

@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@
       },
       "devDependencies": {
         "@tailwindcss/vite": "^4.0.0",
+        "@types/node": "^26.1.2",
         "@types/react": "^19.1.0",
         "@types/react-dom": "^19.1.0",
         "@vitejs/plugin-react": "^4.3.4",
@@ -2107,6 +2108,16 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-RGdgjQUZba5p6QEFAVx2OGb8rQDL/cPRG7GiedRzMcJ1tYnUANBncjbSB1NRGwbvjcPeikRABz2nshyPk1bhWg==",
       "license": "MIT"
     },
+    "node_modules/@types/node": {
+      "version": "26.1.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/node/-/node-26.1.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-Vu4a5UFA9rIIFJ7rB/Vaafh9lrCQszopTCx6KjFboXTGQbPNasehVR5TEiithSDGyd1DEiUByggTZsg8jukeIg==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "dependencies": {
+        "undici-types": "~8.3.0"
+      }
+    },
     "node_modules/@types/react": {
       "version": "19.2.17",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@types/react/-/react-19.2.17.tgz",
@@ -2928,9 +2939,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/linkify-it": {
-      "version": "5.0.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/linkify-it/-/linkify-it-5.0.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-wVoTjP4Q6R0NW5hiZkVJaFZPWgtXfoGF+6LucL3/FtiNjmcHhYjEr5f1Kqjirc1nBW07J/ZuRFumqr2oqccEWg==",
+      "version": "5.0.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/linkify-it/-/linkify-it-5.0.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-ONTm2jCMAVZjgQa/Fy1kScXsuOoF5NPTsoFBdE1KVIZ2vAh/r9+Bqo+0jINCBYnavTPQZz38QzFTme79ENoN3Q==",
       "funding": [
         {
           "type": "github",
@@ -3019,9 +3030,9 @@
       "license": "MIT"
     },
     "node_modules/nanoid": {
-      "version": "3.3.15",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/nanoid/-/nanoid-3.3.15.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-y7Wygv/7mEOvxTuEQDB8StXdMRBWf1kR/tlhAzBRUFkB2jfcLOAxO/SHmOO2zgz1pVgK29/kyupn059/bCHdjA==",
+      "version": "3.3.16",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/nanoid/-/nanoid-3.3.16.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-bzlKTyNJ7+LdGIIwy8ijFpIqEQIvafahV7eYykJ8Cvh42EdJeODoJ6gUJXpQJvej1BddH8OqTXZNE/KfbWAu8Q==",
       "dev": true,
       "funding": [
         {
@@ -3104,9 +3115,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/postcss": {
-      "version": "8.5.15",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/postcss/-/postcss-8.5.15.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-FfR8sjd4em2T6fb3I2MwAJU7HWVMr9zba+enmQeeWFfCbm+UOC/0X4DS8XtpUTMwWMGbjKYP7xjfNekzyGmB3A==",
+      "version": "8.5.23",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/postcss/-/postcss-8.5.23.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-g50586zr4bZmwFiTlflMu8E0bDTb5I5gertgwAKmsdUlTQIhZtunzUlD1WSzwcVWPoAVpsrA6vlfCD7oXvRwgg==",
       "dev": true,
       "funding": [
         {
@@ -3124,7 +3135,7 @@
       ],
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
-        "nanoid": "^3.3.12",
+        "nanoid": "^3.3.16",
         "picocolors": "^1.1.1",
         "source-map-js": "^1.2.1"
       },
@@ -3559,6 +3570,13 @@
       "integrity": "sha512-ARDJmphmdvUk6Glw7y9DQ2bFkKBHwQHLi2lsaH6PPmz/Ka9sFOBsBluozhDltWmnv9u/cF6Rt87znRTPV+yp/A==",
       "license": "MIT"
     },
+    "node_modules/undici-types": {
+      "version": "8.3.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/undici-types/-/undici-types-8.3.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-j375ScV60dom+YkPFIfTLcOiPxkN/buHz5GobjLhixFuANaNs3C9l4GmrWqejgXWJ7BbJcFYpTEUkS1Ge8bpZQ==",
+      "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT"
+    },
     "node_modules/update-browserslist-db": {
       "version": "1.2.3",
       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/update-browserslist-db/-/update-browserslist-db-1.2.3.tgz",

web/package.json

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@
   },
   "devDependencies": {
     "@tailwindcss/vite": "^4.0.0",
+    "@types/node": "^26.1.2",
     "@types/react": "^19.1.0",
     "@types/react-dom": "^19.1.0",
     "@vitejs/plugin-react": "^4.3.4",

web/public/dictionaries/es/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+Spanish spelling dictionary
+===========================
+
+The word list in `es.dic.gz` and the suggestion directives in `es.aff` are
+derived from the **generic** Spanish Hunspell dictionary published by the RLA-ES
+project ("Recursos Lingüísticos Abiertos del Español"), release v2.9.
+
+    Copyright (C) Santiago Bosio and the RLA-ES contributors
+
+    License: GPL-3+ or LGPL-3+ or MPL-1.1+
+             Tri-licensed; you may choose freely among the three. Petal
+             redistributes under the MPL. Full texts:
+             https://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl-3.0.en.html
+             https://www.gnu.org/licenses/lgpl-3.0.en.html
+             https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/MPL/1.1/
+
+Upstream: https://github.com/sbosio/rla-es
+Source:   https://github.com/sbosio/rla-es/releases/download/v2.9/es.oxt
+          (an .oxt is a zip; es.aff and es.dic are at its root)
+
+Not the Debian package, and that is the point
+---------------------------------------------
+`hunspell-es` looks like the obvious source and is the wrong one. It installs
+twenty country codes — `es_AR` through `es_VE` — all symlinked to a single file,
+which reads like "one pan-Hispanic dictionary". It is not. RLA publishes
+twenty-four dictionaries per release: one per country, plus a **generic `es`**
+that is the union of all of them, and Debian ships the **peninsular `es_ES`**
+build under the collapsed name.
+
+Measured against v2.9, expanded to surface forms:
+
+    Debian hunspell-es      659,085 forms      voseo: no    vosotros: yes
+    upstream es_ES          659,018 forms      voseo: no    vosotros: yes
+    upstream es_MX          554,923 forms      voseo: no    vosotros: no
+    upstream es_AR          669,605 forms      voseo: yes   vosotros: yes
+    upstream es (generic)   717,640 forms      voseo: yes   vosotros: yes   <-- this
+
+The 58,622-form gap between Debian's file and the generic one is essentially the
+**voseo** paradigm — `vení`, `tenés`, `querés`, `sabés`, `andá` — the ordinary
+present tense of Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay and much of Central America. Under
+the Debian package, a writer using it would have had her own verbs underlined as
+misspellings.
+
+Why the generic build rather than one country
+---------------------------------------------
+The only thing this dictionary can do is underline something. *Tienes* and
+*tenés* are both correct Spanish, taught in different countries, and a writing
+companion has no business marking one of them wrong — the same reasoning that
+makes the French dictionary here the `-comprehensive` packaging rather than
+`-classical` or `-revised`. The generic build accepts every variety, so Petal
+underlines only what no Spanish speaker anywhere would write.
+
+How the build proves it got this file
+-------------------------------------
+Vocabulary cannot tell these builds apart: *every* RLA variant carries the full
+pan-Hispanic lexicon, so *computadora* alongside *ordenador* passes on the
+peninsular file too. (The `REP` table is likewise no evidence — its `ll`/`y` and
+`ás`/`az` entries look like yeísmo and seseo but are shared by all builds.) Only
+the verb paradigms are localised, so the `es` profile in
+`scripts/build_hunspell_dictionary.py` demands, all at once:
+
+  * **voseo** (`vení`, `tenés`, `querés`) — rejects `es_ES` and Debian's package;
+  * **vosotros** (`tenéis`, `escribid`) — rejects `es_MX`;
+  * **another region's everyday words** (`arepa`, `chévere`, `bacán`) — rejects
+    `es_AR`, which has both paradigms and would otherwise pass.
+
+Only the generic build satisfies all three. Each of the four neighbouring builds
+was run through the profile and confirmed to fail.

web/public/dictionaries/es/es.aff

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+SET UTF-8
+TRY aeroinsctldumpbgfvhzóíjáqéñxyúükwAEROINSCTLDUMPBGFVHZÓÍJÁQÉÑXYÚÜKW
+REP 19
+REP ás az
+REP az ás
+REP cc x
+REP és ez
+REP ez és
+REP güe hue
+REP güi hui
+REP hue güe
+REP hui güi
+REP ís iz
+REP ío ido
+REP ke que
+REP ki qui
+REP ll y
+REP mb nv
+REP nv mb
+REP seci cesi
+REP x cc
+REP y ll
+MAP 6
+MAP aáAÁ
+MAP eéEÉ
+MAP iíIÍ
+MAP oóOÓ
+MAP uúüUÚÜ
+MAP nñNÑ

web/public/dictionaries/fr/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+French spelling dictionary
+==========================
+
+The word list in `fr.dic.gz` and the suggestion directives in `fr.aff` are
+derived from the Dicollecte / Grammalecte Hunspell dictionary for French
+(`fr.aff` / `fr.dic`), as packaged by Debian/Ubuntu in
+`hunspell-fr-comprehensive`.
+
+    Copyright (C) 2007-2018  the Dicollecte contributors
+                             (full list at
+                             https://grammalecte.net/members.php?prj=fr)
+                             Dictionary author: Olivier R.
+
+    License: MPL-2.0
+             This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla
+             Public License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed
+             with this file, You can obtain one at
+             http://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
+
+Upstream: https://grammalecte.net/home.php?prj=fr
+
+Which of the three
+------------------
+
+Debian packages this dictionary three ways, by how it treats the 1990 spelling
+reform: `hunspell-fr-classical` (traditional spellings), `hunspell-fr-revised`
+(reform spellings) and `hunspell-fr-comprehensive` (both). Petal ships the
+**comprehensive** one, because Petal never corrects her French — the only thing
+this dictionary can do is underline something, and *coût* and *cout* are both
+correct French. The regional packages (`fr_FR`, `fr_CA`, `fr_BE`, `fr_CH`,
+`fr_LU`, `fr_MC`) are all symlinks to the same word list, so there is no
+regional choice being made here.
+
+What Petal changed
+------------------
+
+`scripts/build_hunspell_dictionary.py` applies the upstream affix rules ahead of
+time — Hunspell's PFX/SFX expansion run once at build time instead of once per
+browser — and writes the resulting 473,326 surface forms as a flat word list.
+The shipped `.aff` keeps only upstream's TRY/KEY/REP/MAP/WORDCHARS lines, which
+shape *corrections* rather than membership.
+
+One thing about membership did change, and it is reversible at lookup rather
+than lost: the elided forms (`l'arbre`, `qu'elle`, `jusqu'ici`) are **not** in
+the word list. Expanding them costs 8.25 MB gzipped against 1.19 MB, and they
+are not new words — they are thirteen clitics glued to words already present —
+so `withElision` in `web/src/hooks/useSpellChecker.ts` splits the token and
+checks the remainder instead. Stems that carry an apostrophe of their own
+(`aujourd'hui`, `quelqu'un`, `presqu'île`, `prud'homme`) are kept verbatim.

web/public/dictionaries/fr/fr.aff

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+SET UTF-8
+WORDCHARS -’'1234567890.
+TRY esntiarulodcpmévqfgbhàxèjyêMILzACçôîPâùJFSûBVœRDGNETHXkïOwKWYUëQÉZŒüãÎáöóÈíæÅñäśńÿ
+MAP 25
+MAP aàâäAÀÂÄ
+MAP eéèêëEÉÈÊË
+MAP iîïyIÎÏY
+MAP oôöOÔÖ
+MAP uùûüUÙÛÜ
+MAP cçCÇ
+MAP bB
+MAP dD
+MAP fF
+MAP gG
+MAP hH
+MAP jJ
+MAP kK
+MAP lL
+MAP mM
+MAP nN
+MAP pP
+MAP qQ
+MAP rR
+MAP sS
+MAP tT
+MAP vV
+MAP wW
+MAP xX
+MAP zZ
+REP 110
+REP a â
+REP â a
+REP e é
+REP é e
+REP e ê
+REP ê e
+REP e è
+REP è e
+REP i î
+REP î i
+REP o ô
+REP ô o
+REP u û
+REP û u
+REP A Â
+REP Â A
+REP E É
+REP É E
+REP E Ê
+REP Ê E
+REP E È
+REP È E
+REP I Î
+REP Î I
+REP O Ô
+REP Ô O
+REP U Û
+REP Û U
+REP ^Ca$ Ça
+REP ^l l'
+REP ^d d'
+REP ^n n'
+REP ^s s'
+REP ^j j'
+REP ^m m'
+REP ^t t'
+REP ^c c'
+REP f ph
+REP ph f
+REP c qu
+REP qu c
+REP k qu
+REP qu k
+REP x ct
+REP ct x
+REP bb b
+REP b bb
+REP cc c
+REP c cc
+REP ff f
+REP f ff
+REP ll l
+REP l ll
+REP mm m
+REP m mm
+REP nn n
+REP n nn
+REP pp p
+REP p pp
+REP rr r
+REP r rr
+REP ss s
+REP s ss
+REP ss c
+REP c ss
+REP ss ç
+REP ç ss
+REP tt t
+REP t tt
+REP œ oe
+REP oe œ
+REP æ ae
+REP ae æ
+REP ai é
+REP é ai
+REP ai è
+REP è ai
+REP ai ê
+REP ê ai
+REP ei é
+REP é ei
+REP ei è
+REP è ei
+REP ei ê
+REP ê ei
+REP o au
+REP au o
+REP o eau
+REP eau o
+REP ett èt
+REP èt ett
+REP ell èl
+REP èl ell
+REP t th
+REP th t
+REP ième$ e
+REP ème$ e
+REP è$ e
+REP mn$ min
+REP ogue$ ogiste
+REP ogiste$ ogue
+REP disez$ dites
+REP fesez$ faites
+REP faisez$ faites
+REP puit puits
+REP sanctionnable punissable
+REP questionnable discutable
+REP antitartre détartrant
+REP email courriel
+REP construirent construisirent
+KEY azertyuiop|qsdfghjklmù|wxcvbn|aéz|yèu|iço|oàp|aqz|zse|edr|rft|tgy|yhu|uji|iko|olpm|qws|sxd|dcf|fvg|gbh|hnj

web/public/dictionaries/pt-PT/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+European Portuguese spelling dictionary
+=======================================
+
+The word list in `pt-PT.dic.gz` and the suggestion directives in `pt-PT.aff` are
+derived from the LibreOffice/Projecto Natura Hunspell dictionary for European
+Portuguese (`pt_PT.aff` / `pt_PT.dic`), as packaged by Debian/Ubuntu in
+`hunspell-pt-pt`.
+
+    Copyright (C) 2006-2012  José João de Almeida  <jj@di.uminho.pt>
+                             Rui Vilela           <ruivilela@di.uminho.pt>
+                             Alberto Simões       <ambs@di.uminho.pt>
+                             Universidade do Minho — Projecto Natura
+
+    License: GPL-2 or LGPL-2.1 or MPL-1.1
+             (Petal redistributes it under the MPL-1.1 option.)
+
+Upstream: https://natura.di.uminho.pt/ — via
+https://git.libreoffice.org/dictionaries/+/refs/heads/master/pt_PT
+
+What Petal changed
+------------------
+
+Nothing about which words are correct. `scripts/build_hunspell_dictionary.py`
+applies the upstream affix rules ahead of time — Hunspell's PFX/SFX expansion
+run once at build time instead of once per browser — and writes the resulting
+1,039,058 surface forms as a flat word list. The shipped `.aff` keeps only
+upstream's TRY/KEY/REP/MAP/WORDCHARS lines, which shape *corrections* rather
+than membership. See that script's header for why the dictionary could not be
+vendored in its original form.
+
+Note that npm's `dictionary-pt` is *not* this dictionary: both it and
+`dictionary-pt-br` package the Brazilian VERO word list.

web/public/dictionaries/pt-PT/pt-PT.aff

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+SET UTF-8
+TRY aerisontcdmlupvgbfzáhçqjíxãóéêâúõACMPSBTELGRIFVDkHJONôywUKXZWQÁYÍÉàÓèÂÚ
+KEY qwertyuiop|asdfghjkl|zxcvbnm
+WORDCHARS -
+REP 25
+REP por pro
+REP pre per
+REP damente mente
+REP mente damente
+REP iz íz
+REP cao ção
+REP ç ss
+REP ss ç
+REP c ss
+REP ss c
+REP ch x
+REP x ch
+REP cç x
+REP x cç
+REP k qu
+REP íti ití
+REP ití íti
+REP issí íssi
+REP ilí íli
+REP íli ilí
+REP ífi ifí
+REP ifí ífi
+REP nume mune
+REP coen quen
+REP concerteza com_certeza
+MAP 11
+MAP aá
+MAP aã
+MAP aâ
+MAP eé
+MAP eê
+MAP ií
+MAP cç
+MAP oó
+MAP oô
+MAP oõ
+MAP uú

web/public/dictionaries/zh/LICENSE

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+Chinese word list (segmentation)
+================================
+
+`words.txt.gz` is not a spelling dictionary — Chinese has no spelling to check
+in the Hunspell sense. It is the word list Petal's segmenter walks, so that a
+sentence written without spaces has words in it to hover, look up and capture.
+Each line is `word frequency`. See scripts/build_cedict.py for how it is built
+and why it is gated where it is.
+
+It is derived from two upstream sources, both redistributable, both credited
+here because the file itself has no room for a header.
+
+
+CC-CEDICT — the headwords
+-------------------------
+Community maintained free Chinese-English dictionary, published by MDBG.
+https://www.mdbg.net/chinese/dictionary?page=cedict
+
+  Licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International
+  License — https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/
+
+  Referenced works:
+  CEDICT — Copyright (C) 1997, 1998 Paul Andrew Denisowski
+
+CC-CEDICT is also the source of `internal/lexicon/data/hanzi.json.gz`, the
+pinyin and English senses embedded in the Petal binary. The same attribution and
+the same ShareAlike terms apply to that file; it is named here because it has
+nowhere of its own to say so.
+
+
+jieba — the frequencies
+-----------------------
+"结巴" Chinese word segmentation, by Sun Junyi.
+https://github.com/fxsjy/jieba
+
+  MIT License
+
+  Copyright (c) 2013 Sun Junyi
+
+  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+  of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+  in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+  to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+  copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+  furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+  copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+  IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+  FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+  AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+  LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+  OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+  SOFTWARE.
+
+Only the word/frequency columns are used; jieba's part-of-speech tags and its
+algorithm are not (Petal's segmenter is its own, in web/src/lib/segment.ts).

web/src/App.tsx

@@ -1,12 +1,23 @@
 import { useCallback, useEffect, useRef, useState } from 'react'
-import { api, type DocSummary, type DocUpdate, type Document, type Suggestion, type Tag, type TagColor } from './api/client'
+import {
+  api,
+  onDocLang,
+  type DocSummary,
+  type DocUpdate,
+  type Document,
+  type Suggestion,
+  type Tag,
+  type TagColor,
+} from './api/client'
 import { useAutoSave } from './hooks/useAutoSave'
-import { useCheckpoint } from './hooks/useCheckpoint'
+import { findingKey, useCheckpoint } from './hooks/useCheckpoint'
 import { useSpellChecker } from './hooks/useSpellChecker'
+import { useSegmenter } from './hooks/useSegmenter'
 import { useTags } from './hooks/useTags'
 import { DocList } from './components/DocList/DocList'
 import { EditorCore, type EditorChange } from './components/Editor/EditorCore'
 import { ToneSelect } from './components/Editor/ToneSelect'
+import { ChromeStrip } from './components/Editor/ChromeStrip'
 import { ExportMenu } from './components/Export/ExportMenu'
 import { HistoryPanel } from './components/History/HistoryPanel'
 import { GardenPanel } from './components/Garden/GardenPanel'
@@ -21,6 +32,7 @@ import { PetalFall } from './effects/PetalFall'
 import { usePack } from './i18n'
 import { useNightMode } from './hooks/useNightMode'
 import { playSuggestionSound } from './audio/sounds'
+import { fromIME } from './lib/ime'
 
 export default function App() {
   const updateAvailable = useVersionWatch()
@@ -30,7 +42,7 @@ export default function App() {
   const night = useNightMode()
   // Who's writing, and whether the server still recognises them. `signedOut`
   // flips the moment any call comes back 401.
-  const { me, signedOut } = useSession()
+  const { me, signedOut, setDirection, setPair } = useSession()
   const t = usePack()
   // A real account to sign out of, as opposed to the hardcoded local user a
   // build without auth configured runs as.
@@ -78,7 +90,42 @@ export default function App() {
     return wordCountRef.current === 0 && (t === '' || t === 'Untitled')
   }, [])
 
-  const { status, schedule, saveNow } = useAutoSave(currentDoc?.id ?? null)
+  // The pass announces its verdict the moment it decides one, which is the only
+  // moment that is prompt enough: read-aloud is reached for when she has stopped
+  // typing, so waiting for the next save means waiting for a save that isn't
+  // coming. Registered once, and it updates the same one field the save path
+  // does — whichever arrives first wins, and they agree.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    onDocLang((docId, lang) =>
+      setCurrentDoc((prev) => (prev && prev.id === docId && prev.doc_lang !== lang ? { ...prev, doc_lang: lang } : prev)),
+    )
+  }, [])
+
+  // Only `doc_lang` is lifted out of the save response, and only when it moved.
+  // It is the one field the server decides on its own — the checkpoint pass reads
+  // the whole document and writes back whether it is English or hers — so it is
+  // the one field that would otherwise go stale under her while she writes. Read
+  // -aloud is what notices: a Portuguese paragraph read in an American voice.
+  // Everything else in the response is what the client just sent, and copying it
+  // back mid-keystroke would be a way to lose a character, not to gain one.
+  const { status, schedule, saveNow } = useAutoSave(currentDoc?.id ?? null, (saved) =>
+    setCurrentDoc((prev) =>
+      prev && prev.id === saved.id && prev.doc_lang !== saved.doc_lang ? { ...prev, doc_lang: saved.doc_lang } : prev,
+    ),
+  )
+  // The Chinese word list, for a writer going the other way through the zh pair.
+  // Gated on the account's own setting rather than on anything in the text: a
+  // Mandarin native drafting English quotes Chinese constantly, and none of that
+  // is what segmentation is for. Declared above the checkpoint because the
+  // offline 错别字 pass reads it.
+  //
+  // Both halves of the gate matter now that Chinese is not the only pair with a
+  // learner direction. `learning_pair` alone used to imply zh; a writer learning
+  // Portuguese is also learning_pair and has no use for a megabyte of Chinese
+  // word list — nor for the hanzi hover it turns on, which would ask /api/hanzi
+  // about Portuguese words.
+  const segmenter = useSegmenter(me?.direction === 'learning_pair' && me?.pair_lang === 'zh')
+
   const {
     suggestions,
     checking,
@@ -89,7 +136,8 @@ export default function App() {
     runVoice,
     runCollocation,
     removeSuggestion,
-  } = useCheckpoint(currentDoc?.id ?? null)
+    resolveServerId,
+  } = useCheckpoint(currentDoc?.id ?? null, segmenter)
   // Browser-side spell checker — loads the en-US dictionary once per session.
   const { checker: spellChecker, addWord } = useSpellChecker()
   // The tag roster (with counts). Assignments live on the doc summaries below.
@@ -307,16 +355,39 @@ export default function App() {
     [currentDoc, patchSummary, schedule],
   )
 
+  // She took the kitten up on its daily invitation. The prompt becomes the
+  // blank page's title, so the question she agreed to answer stays in front of
+  // her while she answers it — rather than being said once and then gone the
+  // moment the bubble fades.
+  const handleAcceptInvitation = useCallback(
+    (prompt: string) => {
+      if (!currentDoc) return
+      handleTitleChange(prompt)
+    },
+    [currentDoc, handleTitleChange],
+  )
+
   const handleEditorChange = useCallback(
     (change: EditorChange) => {
+      const { composing, ...patch } = change
       setWordCount(change.word_count)
-      setDocText(change.content_text)
-      setEditTick((n) => n + 1)
       if (currentDoc) {
         patchSummary(currentDoc.id, { word_count: change.word_count })
-        schedule(change)
-        scheduleCheckpoint(change.content_text)
+        // The save is never held: see EditorChange.composing. The flag itself
+        // stays out of the patch — it describes the keyboard, not the document,
+        // and the stashed draft a signed-out save leaves behind should be the
+        // document alone.
+        schedule(patch)
       }
+      // Everything below reads the text as prose. While an IME composition is
+      // in flight it is not prose yet — it is the pinyin she is converting — so
+      // the checkpoint, the rule pack and the companion all wait for the word
+      // to commit. EditorCore emits one more change the moment it does, so
+      // nothing is skipped, only deferred by the length of a word.
+      if (composing) return
+      setDocText(change.content_text)
+      setEditTick((n) => n + 1)
+      if (currentDoc) scheduleCheckpoint(change.content_text)
     },
     [currentDoc, patchSummary, schedule, scheduleCheckpoint],
   )
@@ -337,17 +408,44 @@ export default function App() {
 
   // Accept applies the replacement in the editor (handled in EditorCore) and
   // marks the suggestion accepted; dismiss just rejects it. Both drop it locally.
+  // A rule-pack card can be accepted before its row exists — the edit has already
+  // landed either way, so a missing id just means there's nothing to file.
   const handleAccept = useCallback(
     async (s: Suggestion) => {
       removeSuggestion(s.id)
       setAcceptTick((n) => n + 1)
       try {
-        await api.acceptSuggestion(s.id)
+        const id = await resolveServerId(s)
+        if (id) await api.acceptSuggestion(id)
       } catch (err) {
         console.error('accept failed', err)
       }
     },
-    [removeSuggestion],
+    [removeSuggestion, resolveServerId],
+  )
+
+  // Accept-all: EditorCore has already applied the whole category in one editor
+  // transaction, so this is only the bookkeeping. Each row is filed individually
+  // (there's no batch endpoint, and each accept plants its own word in the
+  // garden), but the kitten cheers once — five cheers for one click would read as
+  // five separate congratulations for a decision she made once.
+  const handleAcceptMany = useCallback(
+    async (list: Suggestion[]) => {
+      if (list.length === 0) return
+      for (const s of list) removeSuggestion(s.id)
+      setAcceptTick((n) => n + 1)
+      await Promise.all(
+        list.map(async (s) => {
+          try {
+            const id = await resolveServerId(s)
+            if (id) await api.acceptSuggestion(id)
+          } catch (err) {
+            console.error('accept failed', err)
+          }
+        }),
+      )
+    },
+    [removeSuggestion, resolveServerId],
   )
 
   // After restoring a version, swap the restored doc into the editor. Bumping
@@ -365,11 +463,14 @@ export default function App() {
     [patchSummary],
   )
 
-  // Escape always restores the sidebar while in distraction-free mode.
+  // Escape always restores the sidebar while in distraction-free mode — unless
+  // it belongs to an IME, where it cancels a candidate and never reaches Petal
+  // at all. This is the writer typing Chinese in the very mode built for
+  // uninterrupted writing, so it is the one worth getting right.
   useEffect(() => {
     if (!focusMode) return
     const onKey = (e: KeyboardEvent) => {
-      if (e.key === 'Escape') setFocusMode(false)
+      if (e.key === 'Escape' && !fromIME(e)) setFocusMode(false)
     }
     window.addEventListener('keydown', onKey)
     return () => window.removeEventListener('keydown', onKey)
@@ -385,12 +486,13 @@ export default function App() {
     async (s: Suggestion) => {
       removeSuggestion(s.id)
       try {
-        await api.dismissSuggestion(s.id)
+        const id = await resolveServerId(s)
+        if (id) await api.dismissSuggestion(id)
       } catch (err) {
         console.error('dismiss failed', err)
       }
     },
-    [removeSuggestion],
+    [removeSuggestion, resolveServerId],
   )
 
   // Play a soft sound when freshly-checked suggestions arrive — one per distinct
@@ -398,10 +500,14 @@ export default function App() {
   // a pile-up. We track which ids we've already chimed for, and only chime for
   // recently-created suggestions so opening a doc with old pending advice stays
   // silent (the existing set was created in a past session).
+  // Rule-pack findings are chimed by their wording, not their id: the same fix
+  // appears first as a provisional card and then as its persisted row, and the
+  // writer should hear it once.
   const chimedRef = useRef<Set<string>>(new Set())
   useEffect(() => {
-    const fresh = suggestions.filter((s) => !chimedRef.current.has(s.id))
-    fresh.forEach((s) => chimedRef.current.add(s.id))
+    const key = (s: Suggestion) => (s.source === 'local' ? `local:${findingKey(s)}` : s.id)
+    const fresh = suggestions.filter((s) => !chimedRef.current.has(key(s)))
+    fresh.forEach((s) => chimedRef.current.add(key(s)))
     const justMade = fresh.filter(
       (s) => Date.now() - new Date(s.created_at).getTime() < 12_000,
     )
@@ -423,7 +529,7 @@ export default function App() {
       <PetalFall night={night} />
       <header
         onMouseDown={handleChromeDown}
-        className="petal-no-print flex h-12 shrink-0 items-center gap-2 px-5"
+        className="petal-no-print flex h-12 shrink-0 items-center gap-2 px-3 md:px-5"
         style={{ borderBottom: '1px solid var(--color-border)' }}
       >
         <button
@@ -439,7 +545,15 @@ export default function App() {
           ☰
         </button>
         <span className="text-xl">🌸</span>
-        <span className="text-lg font-extrabold text-plum">Petal</span>
+        {/* The wordmark is the first thing to go on a small phone. The header
+            holds a hamburger, a name and the garden button, and the garden
+            button's label is a langpack string: 词汇花园 · Garden is 130px
+            where Jardim de palavras · Garden is nearly 200, which is the
+            difference between fitting a 320px screen and scrolling the whole
+            app sideways. Of everything in this row, the one that can be spared
+            is the app's own name — she is already inside the app, and the
+            blossom stays. */}
+        <span className="petal-wordmark text-lg font-extrabold text-plum">Petal</span>
         <button
           type="button"
           onClick={() => setGardenOpen(true)}
@@ -474,6 +588,9 @@ export default function App() {
             onToggleTag={handleToggleTag}
             onCreateTag={handleCreateTag}
             account={account}
+            direction={me?.direction}
+            onDirection={setDirection}
+            onPair={setPair}
           />
         </div>
 
@@ -488,27 +605,36 @@ export default function App() {
             <>
               <div
                 onMouseDown={handleChromeDown}
-                className="flex flex-1 flex-col overflow-y-auto px-6 py-8"
+                // `petal-scrollport` marks this as the editor's scrolling
+                // ancestor; EditorCore measures it to pin the text column while
+                // the suggestion rail's overhang is scrolled.
+                className="petal-scrollport flex flex-1 flex-col overflow-y-auto px-6 py-8"
               >
                 <div ref={canvasRef} className="mx-auto flex w-full max-w-[720px] flex-1 flex-col">
-                  <div className="mb-5 flex items-center gap-3">
+                  {/* Title, then the three chrome pills. Their labels are
+                      bilingual and don't shrink, so how much width this row
+                      wants is a property of the langpack — 历史 is two glyphs
+                      where Historique is ten — and on a phone no language's
+                      version of it fits. The pills therefore live in a strip
+                      that scrolls itself; the title takes its own line below
+                      the drawer breakpoint so it keeps its full width. */}
+                  <div className="mb-5 flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2 md:gap-3">
                     <input
                       value={title}
                       onChange={(e) => handleTitleChange(e.target.value)}
                       placeholder="Untitled"
                       aria-label="Document title"
-                      className="min-w-0 flex-1 bg-transparent text-3xl font-extrabold text-plum focus:outline-none"
+                      className="min-w-0 flex-1 basis-full bg-transparent text-3xl font-extrabold text-plum focus:outline-none md:basis-0"
                       style={{ fontFamily: 'var(--font-ui)' }}
                     />
-                    <div className="petal-no-print shrink-0">
+                    <ChromeStrip className="petal-no-print flex items-center gap-2 py-0.5 md:gap-3">
                       <ToneSelect value={tone} onChange={handleToneChange} />
-                    </div>
                       <button
                         type="button"
                         onClick={() => setHistoryOpen(true)}
                         aria-label="Version history"
                         title="Browse and restore earlier versions"
-                      className="petal-no-print inline-flex h-9 shrink-0 items-center gap-1.5 whitespace-nowrap px-3 text-sm font-bold"
+                        className="inline-flex h-9 shrink-0 items-center gap-1.5 whitespace-nowrap px-3 text-sm font-bold"
                         style={{
                           borderRadius: 'var(--radius-pill)',
                           background: 'var(--color-surface)',
@@ -520,17 +646,19 @@ export default function App() {
                         <span>{t.app.history}</span>
                         <span style={{ color: 'var(--color-muted)' }}>· History</span>
                       </button>
-                    <div className="petal-no-print">
                       <ExportMenu docId={currentDoc.id} />
-                    </div>
+                    </ChromeStrip>
                   </div>
                   <EditorCore
                     key={`${currentDoc.id}:${editorEpoch}`}
                     docId={currentDoc.id}
+                    docLang={currentDoc.doc_lang}
                     initialContent={currentDoc.content}
                     onChange={handleEditorChange}
+                    segmenter={segmenter}
                     suggestions={suggestions}
                     onAccept={handleAccept}
+                    onAcceptMany={handleAcceptMany}
                     onDismiss={handleDismiss}
                     onVoiceCheck={runVoice}
                     voicing={voicing}
@@ -551,6 +679,7 @@ export default function App() {
                   voicing={voicing}
                   collocating={collocating}
                   llmDown={llmDown}
+                  suggestionCount={suggestions.length}
                 />
               </div>
             </>
@@ -597,6 +726,8 @@ export default function App() {
           editTick={editTick}
           acceptTick={acceptTick}
           text={docText}
+          blankPage={wordCount === 0 && docText.trim() === ''}
+          onAcceptInvitation={handleAcceptInvitation}
         />
       </div>
     </div>

web/src/api/client.ts

@@ -44,8 +44,18 @@ export interface Document {
   // When true, this document's automatic snapshots are never pruned, so its
   // full writing trail survives as authorship evidence (see the passport).
   preserve_history: boolean
+  // Which language this document is written in, as decided server-side by the
+  // checkpoint pass: '' | 'en' | 'pair' ('' reads as English). Read-only — the
+  // editor never sends it. It is here so read-aloud can use the right voice on a
+  // document written in her own language.
+  doc_lang: DocLang
 }
 
+// The document-language verdict, shared by documents and garden cards. 'pair'
+// names the writer's own language rather than a language code, so changing her
+// pair re-reads her documents instead of stranding a stale name on them.
+export type DocLang = '' | 'en' | 'pair'
+
 // Fields the editor sends on auto-save. All optional so a rename can send title
 // alone; the editor sends the full set.
 export interface DocUpdate {
@@ -78,15 +88,41 @@ export interface WordInfo {
   frequency: number
   difficulty: number
   etymology: string // free-form, already trimmed to a line by the server; '' when absent
+  // The same token read as a word of the writer's own language, when it is one.
+  // Absent for a zh-pair writer and for almost every word in a Latin pair — see
+  // lexicon.Reverse for why Petal asks both directions instead of guessing.
+  reverse?: WordReverse
+}
+
+// A word looked up in the other direction: the writer's language -> English.
+export interface WordReverse {
+  lang: string
+  gloss: string
+  definitions?: WordMeaning[]
+  phonetic?: string
 }
 
 // The lightweight Chinese-only gloss behind the inline hover/select tooltip.
 export interface Gloss {
   word: string
   gloss: string
+  // The English meaning of the token read as a word of her own language.
+  // Present only on a collision (Portuguese *sale*, French *chat*).
+  reverse?: string
 }
 
-export type SuggestionType = 'grammar' | 'phrasing' | 'idiom' | 'clarity' | 'voice' | 'collocation' | 'mechanics'
+// 'translate' is a span she wrote in her own language, rendered into English —
+// not a correction. The server decides the label from the span itself, never from
+// the model, so the client can trust it (see suggestions/language.go).
+export type SuggestionType =
+  | 'grammar'
+  | 'phrasing'
+  | 'idiom'
+  | 'clarity'
+  | 'translate'
+  | 'voice'
+  | 'collocation'
+  | 'mechanics'
 
 // One word in the vocabulary garden: a looked-up word with its gloss/phonetic,
 // the sentence it was met in, and its spaced-repetition state. `reps` drives how
@@ -99,6 +135,9 @@ export interface VocabWord {
   phonetic: string
   example: string
   doc_id: string | null
+  // The language of the document this word was met in — the card's own language
+  // (migration 0018). Read-aloud needs it: "comum" is unguessable from letters.
+  lang: DocLang
   due_at: string
   interval_days: number
   ease: number
@@ -142,18 +181,39 @@ export interface Suggestion {
   explanation: string
   type: SuggestionType
   status: 'pending' | 'accepted' | 'rejected'
+  // Which engine proposed it — the offline rule pack or the model. The rail
+  // deliberately renders both identically; this is here because the wire format
+  // carries it, not because the writer is ever shown it.
+  source?: 'llm' | 'local'
   created_at: string
 }
 
+// The growth journal (GET /api/suggestions/growth). `kept`/`kept_before` are
+// the last thirty days and the thirty before them — the only comparison Petal
+// draws is with her own past self. `stuck` is phrasing she was given that now
+// turns up across her own documents; `faded` is what she used to be corrected
+// on and hasn't been lately. Both lists are empty when the data isn't there:
+// nothing here is padded to fill a page.
+export interface GrowthJournal {
+  kept: number
+  kept_before: number
+  stuck: { phrase: string; docs: number }[]
+  faded: { pattern: string; times: number }[]
+}
+
 // A deterministic, rule-based fix detected client-side (see Companion/prose.ts).
-// The frontend owns mechanics detection; the backend only persists these as the
-// 'mechanics' suggestion family. Spans are exact plaintext offsets.
+// The frontend owns offline detection; the backend only persists these. Spans
+// are exact plaintext offsets. `type` names the family the finding belongs to:
+// 'mechanics' for a fix to this sentence, 'collocation' for the miscollocation
+// rules, whose findings are chunks worth keeping and are filed — and planted in
+// the garden on accept — exactly like the LLM coach's.
 export interface MechanicsFinding {
   from: number
   to: number
   original: string
   replacement: string
   explanation: string
+  type: 'mechanics' | 'collocation'
 }
 
 // One dictionary's worth of personal words — the ones she's excused from
@@ -163,6 +223,21 @@ export interface PersonalWords {
   words: string[]
 }
 
+// One pronunciation of a Chinese word, and what it means in that pronunciation.
+// A list, because 得 is dé "to obtain" and also the particle in 说得很好.
+export interface HanziReading {
+  pinyin: string
+  senses: string
+}
+
+// A Chinese word lookup. `readings` is empty for a word with no headword, in
+// which case `chars` may carry the character-by-character reading.
+export interface HanziInfo {
+  word: string
+  readings: HanziReading[]
+  chars: { char: string; pinyin: string; senses: string }[]
+}
+
 // Who's writing. Mirrors the backend db.User.
 export interface Me {
   id: string
@@ -170,6 +245,11 @@ export interface Me {
   display_name: string
   created_at: string
   pair_lang: string
+  // Which half of the pair is being learned: 'learning_en' (the writer is
+  // native in pair_lang and practising English) or 'learning_pair' (the other
+  // way round). Mirrors users.direction; the server refuses 'learning_pair' for
+  // a pair it has no word list for.
+  direction: string
 }
 
 // Thrown when the server says the session is gone. Callers can tell it apart
@@ -196,11 +276,34 @@ function signedOut(): UnauthorizedError {
   return new UnauthorizedError()
 }
 
-async function req<T>(path: string, init?: RequestInit): Promise<T> {
+// The document-language verdict is decided by the checkpoint pass, so the pass's
+// own response is the first moment the client can know it. It rides on a header
+// (the pass answers with a bare array of suggestions, and every caller reads it
+// as one), and reaches the app through a handler registered here — the same
+// shape onUnauthorized already uses, for the same reason: it is one fact from
+// deep inside a request that a component several layers up needs.
+//
+// Without it the editor learns the verdict only from a document save, which is
+// always one save behind the pass — and read-aloud is reached for precisely when
+// she has stopped typing and no further save is coming.
+let docLangHandler: ((docId: string, lang: DocLang) => void) | null = null
+
+export function onDocLang(handler: (docId: string, lang: DocLang) => void) {
+  docLangHandler = handler
+}
+
+// `verdictFor` names the document whose language this response may announce.
+// Only the three pass endpoints pass it; everything else has no verdict to carry
+// and never touches the handler.
+async function req<T>(path: string, init?: RequestInit, verdictFor?: string): Promise<T> {
   const res = await fetch(`/api${path}`, {
     headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
     ...init,
   })
+  if (verdictFor && res.ok) {
+    const lang = res.headers.get('X-Petal-Doc-Lang')
+    if (lang === '' || lang === 'en' || lang === 'pair') docLangHandler?.(verdictFor, lang)
+  }
   if (res.status === 401) throw signedOut()
   if (!res.ok) {
     const detail = await res.text().catch(() => '')
@@ -215,6 +318,22 @@ export const api = {
   // the hardcoded local user, so the frontend needs no separate mode for it.
   me: () => req<Me>('/me'),
 
+  // Move to another (English + X) pair. Answers with the whole updated user, so
+  // the caller re-reads the pair from the server rather than assuming its own
+  // request took — a code the server won't ship comes back 400 and the app is
+  // still on a language it can render.
+  setPairLang: (lang: string) =>
+    req<Me>('/me', { method: 'PATCH', body: JSON.stringify({ pair_lang: lang }) }),
+
+  // Turn the pair around. Same endpoint, same contract, and deliberately a
+  // separate call: the two fields are validated together server-side, so a
+  // client that wants to change both says both in one request rather than
+  // sending two that each pass on their own.
+  setDirection: (direction: string) =>
+    req<Me>('/me', { method: 'PATCH', body: JSON.stringify({ direction }) }),
+  setPair: (lang: string, direction: string) =>
+    req<Me>('/me', { method: 'PATCH', body: JSON.stringify({ pair_lang: lang, direction }) }),
+
   listDocs: () => req<DocSummary[]>('/docs'),
   createDoc: () => req<Document>('/docs', { method: 'POST' }),
   getDoc: (id: string) => req<Document>(`/docs/${id}`),
@@ -226,14 +345,14 @@ export const api = {
   // Rate-limited per document server-side (returns the existing set if too soon).
   // Both passes return the UNIFIED pending set (grammar + voice), so the client
   // never drops one family's highlights when the other refreshes.
-  checkDoc: (id: string) => req<Suggestion[]>(`/docs/${id}/check`, { method: 'POST' }),
+  checkDoc: (id: string) => req<Suggestion[]>(`/docs/${id}/check`, { method: 'POST' }, id),
   // Voice-consistency pass: whole-document, explicit-action, slower. Returns the
   // unified pending set too. Rate-limited per document server-side.
-  voiceDoc: (id: string) => req<Suggestion[]>(`/docs/${id}/voice`, { method: 'POST' }),
+  voiceDoc: (id: string) => req<Suggestion[]>(`/docs/${id}/voice`, { method: 'POST' }, id),
   // Collocation coach: whole-document, explicit-action pass flagging non-native
   // word pairings ("do a decision" → "make a decision"). Returns the unified
   // pending set too. Rate-limited per document server-side.
-  collocationDoc: (id: string) => req<Suggestion[]>(`/docs/${id}/collocation`, { method: 'POST' }),
+  collocationDoc: (id: string) => req<Suggestion[]>(`/docs/${id}/collocation`, { method: 'POST' }, id),
   // Mechanics pass: persist the client-detected deterministic fixes as the
   // 'mechanics' family and return the unified pending set. Not rate-limited (it's
   // free, local detection); runs alongside the grammar checkpoint.
@@ -244,6 +363,12 @@ export const api = {
     }),
   // Pending suggestions for a doc, loaded when the editor opens it.
   listSuggestions: (id: string) => req<Suggestion[]>(`/docs/${id}/suggestions`),
+  // The spans she has already accepted or dismissed on this doc, normalized. The
+  // server suppresses these itself; the client needs them so the instant rule-pack
+  // pass doesn't hand back a dismissed card before the server can say otherwise —
+  // or, with the server unreachable, at all. See lib/settled.ts.
+  listSettled: (id: string) =>
+    req<{ originals: string[] }>(`/docs/${id}/settled`),
   acceptSuggestion: (id: string) =>
     req<void>(`/suggestions/${id}/accept`, { method: 'POST' }),
   dismissSuggestion: (id: string) =>
@@ -252,6 +377,10 @@ export const api = {
   // opening bubble (the explanation itself stays English in the card body).
   translateSuggestion: (id: string) =>
     req<{ translation: string }>(`/suggestions/${id}/translate`, { method: 'POST' }),
+  // The growth journal: her own accepted edits read back as patterns. Purely a
+  // read-side view of a table Petal already keeps, computed locally with no
+  // model call, so it costs nothing and leaves nothing.
+  growth: () => req<GrowthJournal>('/suggestions/growth'),
 
   // Version history. listVersions returns metadata only (no bodies); getVersion
   // loads one full snapshot for preview; snapshotDoc takes an explicit restore
@@ -284,6 +413,12 @@ export const api = {
   // Lightweight Chinese-only gloss for the inline hover/select tooltip — instant
   // and offline, so it fires on hover without spinning up the heavier lookup.
   glossWord: (word: string) => req<Gloss>(`/gloss/${encodeURIComponent(word)}`),
+  // The same lookup pointing the other way: a Chinese word to its pinyin and
+  // English senses, for an account learning the pair language rather than
+  // English. A word the dictionary has no headword for comes back with empty
+  // readings and — when its characters are known — a per-character reading
+  // instead, which is a real second answer for a compound.
+  hanziWord: (word: string) => req<HanziInfo>(`/hanzi/${encodeURIComponent(word)}`),
   // Tone-rewrite: rewrites a selected passage in the given style ('natural',
   // 'academic', …) and returns the rewritten text for an in-editor preview. Not
   // persisted — the editor applies it directly on accept.

web/src/audio/speech.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, beforeEach, afterEach, vi } from 'vitest'
+import { docLang, nativeLang, speak, stopSpeech } from './speech'
+import { resetPackForTests, setPackLang } from '../i18n'
+
+// Read-aloud has two jobs beyond "make a sound": ask for the right pace, and ask
+// in the right language. Both are decided at the call site and travel in the
+// request body, so this checks the body — the part a component author can get
+// wrong without anything failing loudly.
+
+let bodies: Array<Record<string, unknown>>
+
+beforeEach(() => {
+  bodies = []
+  vi.stubGlobal(
+    'fetch',
+    vi.fn((_url: string, init: RequestInit) => {
+      bodies.push(JSON.parse(String(init.body)))
+      // Never resolves to audio: the fallback path needs no window.Audio here,
+      // and rejecting would run the Web Speech branch instead of the server one.
+      return new Promise(() => {})
+    }),
+  )
+})
+
+afterEach(() => {
+  stopSpeech()
+  vi.unstubAllGlobals()
+  resetPackForTests()
+})
+
+describe('speak', () => {
+  it('asks for the normal pace by default', () => {
+    speak('reception')
+    expect(bodies).toHaveLength(1)
+    expect(bodies[0]).toMatchObject({ text: 'reception', lang: 'en-US', slow: false })
+  })
+
+  it('asks for the slow replay when the slow control is used', () => {
+    speak('reception', undefined, true)
+    expect(bodies[0]).toMatchObject({ text: 'reception', slow: true })
+  })
+
+  it('still detects Chinese by script, so a zh selection is never read in English', () => {
+    speak('你好世界')
+    expect(bodies[0]).toMatchObject({ lang: 'zh-CN' })
+  })
+
+  it('sends nothing for empty text', () => {
+    speak('   ')
+    expect(bodies).toHaveLength(0)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('nativeLang', () => {
+  // The voice for her own language comes from the pack, not from the letters.
+  // "comum" is spelled the same in both halves of the pt pair, so a detector
+  // would have to guess; the component that knows it is rendering her language
+  // says so instead.
+  it('follows the pair language', () => {
+    setPackLang('zh')
+    expect(nativeLang()).toBe('zh-CN')
+    setPackLang('pt-PT')
+    expect(nativeLang()).toBe('pt-PT')
+    setPackLang('fr')
+    expect(nativeLang()).toBe('fr-FR')
+  })
+
+  it('names a European Portuguese voice, never a Brazilian one', () => {
+    setPackLang('pt-PT')
+    expect(nativeLang()).not.toBe('pt-BR')
+  })
+
+  it('is what a Latin-pair lookup speaks the other reading in', () => {
+    setPackLang('pt-PT')
+    speak('comum', nativeLang())
+    expect(bodies[0]).toMatchObject({ text: 'comum', lang: 'pt-PT' })
+  })
+
+  it('speaks the French reading of a collision in French', () => {
+    // "chat" is the sharpest case in the fr pair: an English word, a French
+    // word, and the companion's own animal. Nothing about the letters says
+    // which — only the pack does.
+    setPackLang('fr')
+    speak('chat', nativeLang())
+    expect(bodies.at(-1)).toMatchObject({ text: 'chat', lang: 'fr-FR' })
+  })
+})
+
+describe('docLang', () => {
+  // The document's verdict is the answer for a passage lifted out of it, because
+  // for a Latin pair there is no other answer available: an English sentence and
+  // a Portuguese one are the same letters.
+  it('reads a flipped document in her own language', () => {
+    setPackLang('pt-PT')
+    expect(docLang('Ontem foi difícil.', 'pair')).toBe('pt-PT')
+  })
+
+  it('reads an English document in English, and treats the backfill as English', () => {
+    setPackLang('pt-PT')
+    expect(docLang('Yesterday was hard.', 'en')).toBe('en-US')
+    expect(docLang('Yesterday was hard.', '')).toBe('en-US')
+  })
+
+  it('lets the script win over the verdict, so quoted Chinese is never spelled out', () => {
+    // An English document quoting Chinese is 'en' by verdict, and the English
+    // voice reads Han characters one "Chinese letter" at a time — the one
+    // failure worse than silence.
+    setPackLang('zh')
+    expect(docLang('你好世界', 'en')).toBe('zh-CN')
+  })
+
+  it('is what the editor selection and the garden card ask for', () => {
+    setPackLang('fr')
+    speak('Le chat dort.', docLang('Le chat dort.', 'pair'))
+    expect(bodies.at(-1)).toMatchObject({ text: 'Le chat dort.', lang: 'fr-FR' })
+  })
+})

web/src/audio/speech.ts

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@
 // (TTS disabled) or unreachable, we fall back to the browser's Web Speech API so
 // the buttons still do something. No model or network is strictly required.
 
+import { pack } from '../i18n'
+
 // speechSupported reports whether read-aloud can do anything at all. Audio
 // playback is universal, so as long as we can construct an Audio element OR the
 // Web Speech API exists, the buttons should show. The server path is tried at
@@ -51,8 +53,10 @@ function pickVoice(lang: string): SpeechSynthesisVoice | undefined {
 }
 
 // speakWebSpeech is the fallback: the browser's built-in synthesizer. A touch
-// slower than default so learners can follow along.
-function speakWebSpeech(text: string, lang: string): void {
+// slower than default so learners can follow along, and slower still when the
+// slow replay was asked for — the fallback should degrade in voice quality, not
+// in what the button does.
+function speakWebSpeech(text: string, lang: string, slow: boolean): void {
   if (!webSpeechSupported()) return
   const synth = window.speechSynthesis
   synth.cancel()
@@ -60,7 +64,7 @@ function speakWebSpeech(text: string, lang: string): void {
   utterance.lang = lang
   const voice = pickVoice(lang)
   if (voice) utterance.voice = voice
-  utterance.rate = 0.95
+  utterance.rate = slow ? 0.7 : 0.95
   synth.speak(utterance)
 }
 
@@ -74,13 +78,44 @@ export function detectLang(text: string): string {
   return CJK.test(text) ? 'zh-CN' : 'en-US'
 }
 
+// nativeLang is the locale of the writer's own language — the voice for the
+// *other* reading of a word that exists in both halves of a Latin pair.
+//
+// It is asked for explicitly rather than detected, and that is the point. A
+// script boundary can be detected (the CJK test above); "comum" cannot. So the
+// component that knows it is rendering her language says so, and everything
+// rendering English lets the default stand. No guess, therefore no wrong guess
+// about her writing — the same rule the both-directions gloss follows.
+export function nativeLang(): string {
+  return pack().locale
+}
+
+// docLang turns a document-language verdict ('' | 'en' | 'pair', decided
+// server-side — see internal/suggestions/doclang.go) into a locale for a passage
+// taken out of that document. It is what the editor's read-aloud and the garden's
+// review card ask instead of guessing.
+//
+// The script test still wins, and that is not redundant with the verdict. A
+// Chinese sentence quoted inside an English document is 'en' by verdict and
+// still has to be read by the Chinese voice: the English voice spells Han
+// characters out one "Chinese letter" at a time, which is the one failure loud
+// enough to be worse than no audio. In the other direction there is nothing to
+// test — an English sentence inside Portuguese prose looks exactly like the
+// Portuguese around it — so the document's verdict is the only answer available,
+// and it is the answer this phase decided on.
+export function docLang(text: string, verdict: string): string {
+  if (CJK.test(text)) return 'zh-CN'
+  return verdict === 'pair' ? pack().locale : 'en-US'
+}
+
 // speak reads `text` aloud, cancelling anything already in flight so rapid taps
 // don't queue up. `lang` defaults to a guess from the text (Chinese vs English)
 // so callers can just pass the selection; pass an explicit locale to override.
-// It tries the server's neural voice first and silently falls back to the browser
-// voice if that's unavailable (route off, network error, or a 404 for a language
-// with no configured voice).
-export function speak(text: string, lang = detectLang(text)): void {
+// `slow` asks for the stretched replay (SUGGESTIONS §5e) — the second tap on a
+// sentence that went by too fast. It tries the server's neural voice first and
+// silently falls back to the browser voice if that's unavailable (route off,
+// network error, or a 404 for a language with no configured voice).
+export function speak(text: string, lang = detectLang(text), slow = false): void {
   if (!text.trim()) return
   stopSpeech()
   const seq = ++requestSeq
@@ -88,7 +123,7 @@ export function speak(text: string, lang = detectLang(text)): void {
   fetch('/api/tts', {
     method: 'POST',
     headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
-    body: JSON.stringify({ text, lang }),
+    body: JSON.stringify({ text, lang, slow }),
   })
     .then((res) => {
       if (!res.ok) throw new Error(`tts ${res.status}`)
@@ -115,6 +150,6 @@ export function speak(text: string, lang = detectLang(text)): void {
       // Server TTS unavailable for this request — use the browser voice instead,
       // unless a newer tap has already superseded this one.
       if (seq !== requestSeq) return
-      speakWebSpeech(text, lang)
+      speakWebSpeech(text, lang, slow)
     })
 }

web/src/components/Companion/PetalCompanion.tsx

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ import type { SaveStatus } from '../../hooks/useAutoSave'
 import { useCompanion, type Mood } from './useCompanion'
 import { LottiePlayer } from './LottiePlayer'
 import { COMPANIONS, DEFAULT_COMPANION } from './companions'
+import { useCardOverlap } from './useCardOverlap'
 import { onPrefsScopeChange, readPref, writePref } from '../../lib/prefs'
 import { usePack } from '../../i18n'
 
@@ -13,6 +14,11 @@ interface Props {
   editTick: number
   acceptTick: number
   text: string
+  // The open document is still empty — the one state the daily writing
+  // invitation is offered in.
+  blankPage: boolean
+  // Called when she takes the invitation up, with the English prompt.
+  onAcceptInvitation: (prompt: string) => void
 }
 
 // Emoji placeholder per mood, used for any mood a companion has no Lottie for.
@@ -30,17 +36,38 @@ const STORAGE_KEY = 'petal.companion'
 // useCompanion and shows a Mandarin-first speech bubble for cheers, tips, and
 // break reminders. Clicking the mascot opens a picker to switch companions
 // (the choice persists in localStorage).
-export function PetalCompanion({ wordCount, saveStatus, llmDown, editTick, acceptTick, text }: Props) {
-  const t = usePack()
-  const { mood, bubble, dismiss, holdBubble, releaseBubble } = useCompanion({
+export function PetalCompanion({
   wordCount,
   saveStatus,
   llmDown,
   editTick,
   acceptTick,
   text,
+  blankPage,
+  onAcceptInvitation,
+}: Props) {
+  const t = usePack()
+  const {
+    mood,
+    bubble,
+    dismiss,
+    holdBubble,
+    releaseBubble,
+    acceptInvite,
+    declineInvite,
+    setInviteHandler,
+  } = useCompanion({
+    wordCount,
+    saveStatus,
+    llmDown,
+    editTick,
+    acceptTick,
+    text,
+    blankPage,
   })
 
+  useEffect(() => setInviteHandler(onAcceptInvitation), [setInviteHandler, onAcceptInvitation])
+
   const [companionId, setCompanionId] = useState<string>(
     () => readPref(STORAGE_KEY) || DEFAULT_COMPANION,
   )
@@ -60,6 +87,20 @@ export function PetalCompanion({ wordCount, saveStatus, llmDown, editTick, accep
   const companion = COMPANIONS.find((c) => c.id === companionId) ?? COMPANIONS[0]
   const [pickerOpen, setPickerOpen] = useState(false)
   const rootRef = useRef<HTMLDivElement>(null)
+  const badgeRef = useRef<HTMLButtonElement>(null)
+  // Stand-in for the badge's corner, used only for measuring — see
+  // useCardOverlap. It sits exactly where the badge sits but never bobs, shrinks
+  // or hovers, so what the mascot yields to can't depend on whether it is
+  // currently yielding.
+  const probeRef = useRef<HTMLSpanElement>(null)
+
+  // When suggestion cards stack down into the corner, the kitten fades to
+  // translucent and shrinks a step so the card stays readable and clickable.
+  // It wakes back up whenever it has something to say (bubble) or is being
+  // interacted with (picker open) — except under an open History or Garden
+  // panel, where even a cheer would cover the controls she just reached for.
+  const crowded = useCardOverlap(probeRef)
+  const faded = crowded.modal || (crowded.cards && !pickerOpen && !bubble)
 
   // Awake companions (no sleeping clip) don't visibly nap — when the engine
   // dozes them, keep their normal idle pose instead of a sleepy face. Only a
@@ -99,7 +140,7 @@ export function PetalCompanion({ wordCount, saveStatus, llmDown, editTick, accep
   return (
     <div
       ref={rootRef}
-      className="pointer-events-none fixed bottom-4 right-4 z-40 flex flex-col items-end gap-2"
+      className="petal-corner pointer-events-none fixed bottom-4 right-4 z-40 flex flex-col items-end gap-2"
     >
       {pickerOpen && (
         <div
@@ -150,7 +191,10 @@ export function PetalCompanion({ wordCount, saveStatus, llmDown, editTick, accep
         </div>
       )}
 
-      {bubble && !pickerOpen && (
+      {/* The bubble is its own layer, so fading the badge doesn't hide it —
+          hold it back explicitly while a panel is open. useCompanion keeps the
+          bubble in state, so it reappears when she closes the panel. */}
+      {bubble && !pickerOpen && !crowded.modal && (
         <div
           role="status"
           onClick={dismiss}
@@ -179,15 +223,58 @@ export function PetalCompanion({ wordCount, saveStatus, llmDown, editTick, accep
           >
             {bubble.en}
           </p>
+
+          {/* The daily invitation's two answers. "Not today" is a real button
+              sitting level with the other one, not a small grey escape — a no
+              that has to be hunted for isn't much of a no. */}
+          {bubble.invite && (
+            <div className="mt-3 flex flex-wrap items-center gap-2">
+              <button
+                type="button"
+                onClick={(e) => {
+                  e.stopPropagation()
+                  acceptInvite(bubble.invite!.prompt)
+                }}
+                className="rounded-full px-3.5 py-1.5 text-sm font-bold"
+                style={{ background: 'var(--color-accent)', color: 'var(--color-plum)' }}
+              >
+                {t.companion.inviteAccept}
+              </button>
+              <button
+                type="button"
+                onClick={(e) => {
+                  e.stopPropagation()
+                  declineInvite()
+                }}
+                className="rounded-full px-3.5 py-1.5 text-sm font-semibold"
+                style={{ background: 'var(--color-surface-alt)', color: 'var(--color-plum)' }}
+              >
+                {t.companion.inviteDecline}
+              </button>
+            </div>
+          )}
         </div>
       )}
 
+      <span
+        ref={probeRef}
+        aria-hidden
+        className="pointer-events-none absolute bottom-0 right-0"
+        style={{
+          width: 'var(--petal-companion-size, 9rem)',
+          height: 'var(--petal-companion-size, 9rem)',
+        }}
+      />
+
       <button
+        ref={badgeRef}
         type="button"
         onClick={() => setPickerOpen((o) => !o)}
         title="Choose a companion"
         aria-label="Choose a companion"
-        className={`petal-companion pointer-events-auto select-none ${napping ? 'petal-companion-sleep' : ''}`}
+        className={`petal-companion select-none ${faded ? 'petal-companion-faded' : 'pointer-events-auto'}${
+          napping ? ' petal-companion-sleep' : ''
+        }`}
         style={{
           // Size scales with the viewport — see --petal-companion-size in index.css.
           width: 'var(--petal-companion-size)',

web/src/components/Companion/grammarLite.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+import { afterEach, describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+import { analyzeProse, mechanicsFindings } from './prose'
+import { resetPackForTests, setPackLang } from '../../i18n'
+
+// Phase 22's offline half: the grammar-lite rule pack, the embedded
+// miscollocation list, the false-friend heads-up, and the per-pair L1 rules.
+//
+// The bar these tests enforce is the one the pack promises: **precision over
+// recall**. Every rule is pinned in two directions — the mistake it must catch,
+// and the correct English next to it that it must leave alone. A rule that
+// cannot be guarded that way was left out of the pack rather than tested
+// loosely here.
+
+afterEach(() => resetPackForTests())
+
+const rules = (text: string) => analyzeProse(text).map((h) => h.rule)
+const findings = (text: string) => mechanicsFindings(text)
+
+// The one-click fix a given rule produced, if any.
+function fix(text: string, original: string) {
+  return findings(text).find((f) => f.original.toLowerCase() === original.toLowerCase())
+}
+
+// Every finding must be able to anchor: its span has to be exactly the text it
+// claims, or the editor applies the edit to the wrong characters.
+function expectExactSpans(text: string) {
+  for (const f of findings(text)) {
+    expect(text.slice(f.from, f.to), `span mismatch for "${f.original}"`).toBe(f.original)
+  }
+  return findings(text)
+}
+
+describe('prepositions', () => {
+  it('depend of → depend on, keeping the writer\'s own verb form', () => {
+    expect(fix('It all depends of the weather on the day we travel.', 'depends of')?.replacement).toBe(
+      'depends on',
+    )
+    expect(fix('Depending of the weather we will go to the beach today.', 'Depending of')?.replacement).toBe(
+      'Depending on',
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('discuss about → discuss (the preposition simply goes)', () => {
+    expect(fix('We discussed about the plan for a long time yesterday.', 'discussed about')?.replacement).toBe(
+      'discussed',
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('explain me → explain to me', () => {
+    expect(fix('Can you explain me the rules of this game again please.', 'explain me')?.replacement).toBe(
+      'explain to me',
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('listen the radio → listen to the radio', () => {
+    expect(fix('I listen the radio every morning while I make my coffee.', 'listen the')?.replacement).toBe(
+      'listen to the',
+    )
+  })
+
+  // The pairings deliberately NOT in the list, because they are only usually
+  // wrong. Each of these is correct English and must stay silent.
+  it('leaves the correct prepositions alone', () => {
+    expect(rules('It all depends on the weather on the day we travel.')).not.toContain('preposition')
+    expect(rules('We discussed the plan for a long time yesterday afternoon.')).not.toContain('preposition')
+    expect(rules('I listen to the radio every morning while I make coffee.')).not.toContain('preposition')
+    // Left out of the pack on purpose — "married with children" is a phrase,
+    // "arrive to" wants at or in, "different than" is ordinary American usage.
+    expect(rules('She is married with children and lives near the old harbour.')).not.toContain('preposition')
+    expect(rules('This result is different than the one we saw last week.')).not.toContain('preposition')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('doubled comparatives', () => {
+  it('more better → better', () => {
+    expect(fix('This one is more better than the other one we tried.', 'more better')?.replacement).toBe('better')
+  })
+
+  it('most easiest → easiest', () => {
+    expect(fix('That was the most easiest question on the whole exam paper.', 'most easiest')?.replacement).toBe(
+      'easiest',
+    )
+  })
+
+  // The guard the generic /\w+er/ pattern would have failed: these are correct.
+  it('leaves ordinary "more/most + adjective" alone', () => {
+    expect(rules('She is more clever than anyone else in the whole class.')).not.toContain('doublecomp')
+    expect(rules('He was the most eager student in the room that morning.')).not.toContain('doublecomp')
+    expect(rules('This is the most beautiful garden I have ever seen here.')).not.toContain('doublecomp')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('people is', () => {
+  it('people is → people are, and people has → people have', () => {
+    expect(fix('Many people is waiting outside the hall in the rain.', 'people is')?.replacement).toBe('people are')
+    expect(fix('Some people has never seen the sea in their whole life.', 'people has')?.replacement).toBe(
+      'people have',
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('leaves the plural alone', () => {
+    expect(rules('Many people are waiting outside the hall in the rain.')).not.toContain('peopleare')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('miscollocations', () => {
+  // The whole point of the family: these file as 'collocation', not
+  // 'mechanics', so an accepted chunk plants in the vocabulary garden exactly
+  // as one the LLM coach proposed would.
+  it('files as the collocation family, not as mechanics', () => {
+    const f = fix('I had to do a decision about the job offer quickly.', 'do a decision')
+    expect(f?.replacement).toBe('make a decision')
+    expect(f?.type).toBe('collocation')
+  })
+
+  it('mechanics fixes keep their own family', () => {
+    expect(fix('I saw the the cat in the garden this morning.', 'the the')?.type).toBe('mechanics')
+  })
+
+  it('agrees with the tense the writer was already using', () => {
+    expect(fix('She did a mistake on the form and had to start again.', 'did a mistake')?.replacement).toBe(
+      'made a mistake',
+    )
+    expect(fix('He is making his homework at the kitchen table right now.', 'making his homework')?.replacement).toBe(
+      'doing his homework',
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('say me → tell me', () => {
+    expect(fix('Please say me what happened at the meeting this afternoon.', 'say me')?.replacement).toBe('tell me')
+  })
+
+  it('make a photo → take a photo', () => {
+    expect(fix('We made a photo together in front of the old church.', 'made a photo')?.replacement).toBe(
+      'took a photo',
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('strong rain → heavy rain', () => {
+    expect(fix('There was strong rain all afternoon and we stayed inside.', 'strong rain')?.replacement).toBe(
+      'heavy rain',
+    )
+  })
+
+  // "strong wind" is the correct pairing, and the rule that fixes "big wind"
+  // must not propose it as a change to itself.
+  it('never proposes a phrase identical to what she wrote', () => {
+    expect(rules('There was a strong wind blowing across the open field today.')).not.toContain('collocation')
+    expect(fix('There was a big wind blowing across the open field today.', 'big wind')?.replacement).toBe(
+      'strong wind',
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('leaves the correct pairings alone', () => {
+    expect(rules('I had to make a decision about the job offer quickly.')).not.toContain('collocation')
+    expect(rules('She does her homework at the kitchen table every evening.')).not.toContain('collocation')
+    expect(rules('We took a photo together in front of the old church.')).not.toContain('collocation')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('false friends', () => {
+  it('flags a Portuguese false friend for the pt-PT pair, awareness-only', () => {
+    setPackLang('pt-PT')
+    const hints = analyzeProse('I will eventually finish the report before the end of the week.')
+    const ff = hints.find((h) => h.rule === 'falsefriend')
+    expect(ff).toBeDefined()
+    // Never a card: the word may well be the one she meant, and a one-click
+    // "fix" would be Petal deciding that for her.
+    expect(ff?.fix).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(findings('I will eventually finish the report before the end of the week.')).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('raises at most one per pass — a heads-up, not a sweep', () => {
+    setPackLang('pt-PT')
+    const hints = analyzeProse(
+      'Actually I did not pretend to assist the lecture at the library this week.',
+    )
+    expect(hints.filter((h) => h.rule === 'falsefriend')).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('says nothing for the zh pair, which has no false friends at all', () => {
+    setPackLang('zh')
+    expect(rules('I will eventually finish the report before the end of the week.')).not.toContain('falsefriend')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('per-pair L1 interference', () => {
+  it('pt-PT: "have 30 years" → "am 30 years old"', () => {
+    setPackLang('pt-PT')
+    expect(fix('My sister I have 30 years and she is older than me.', 'I have 30 years')?.replacement).toBe(
+      'I am 30 years old',
+    )
+    // The subject and tense she wrote in are carried into the correction.
+    expect(fix('When we met she had twenty years and I was still at school.', 'she had twenty years')?.replacement).toBe(
+      'she was twenty years old',
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('pt-PT: "I am agree" → "I agree"', () => {
+    setPackLang('pt-PT')
+    expect(fix('I am agree with everything that was said at the meeting.', 'I am agree')?.replacement).toBe('I agree')
+  })
+
+  it('pt-PT: "since three years" → "for three years"', () => {
+    setPackLang('pt-PT')
+    expect(fix('I have lived in this city since three years and I love it.', 'since three years')?.replacement).toBe(
+      'for three years',
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('pt-PT: leaves "since" with a starting point alone', () => {
+    setPackLang('pt-PT')
+    expect(rules('I have lived in this city since 2020 and I still love it.')).not.toContain('since')
+  })
+
+  it('zh: "very like" → "really like", and "open the light" → "turn on the light"', () => {
+    setPackLang('zh')
+    expect(fix('I very like the small garden behind my grandmother house.', 'very like')?.replacement).toBe(
+      'really like',
+    )
+    expect(fix('Please open the light before you come into the dark room.', 'open the light')?.replacement).toBe(
+      'turn on the light',
+    )
+    expect(fix('She closed the television and went straight to bed last night.', 'closed the television')?.replacement).toBe(
+      'turned off the television',
+    )
+  })
+
+  it('zh: although…but is awareness-only — the "but" is too common to anchor a card to', () => {
+    setPackLang('zh')
+    const text = 'Although it was raining hard, but we still went to the park.'
+    expect(rules(text)).toContain('althoughbut')
+    expect(findings(text).some((f) => f.original.includes('but'))).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('zh: leaves "very + adjective" alone', () => {
+    setPackLang('zh')
+    expect(rules('I am very happy about the small garden behind the house.')).not.toContain('veryverb')
+  })
+
+  // The gating is the reason these rules can be confident. A rule that is a
+  // near-certainty for one L1 is only a guess for another, and a guess does not
+  // belong in a rule pack that runs on every keystroke.
+  it('does not run one pair\'s interference rules for the other pair', () => {
+    setPackLang('zh')
+    expect(rules('I have 30 years and I still live near the old harbour.')).not.toContain('haveyears')
+    setPackLang('pt-PT')
+    expect(rules('I very like the small garden behind my grandmother house.')).not.toContain('veryverb')
+  })
+})
+
+describe('spans stay exact across every new rule', () => {
+  it('anchors each finding to the text it claims', () => {
+    setPackLang('pt-PT')
+    expectExactSpans(
+      'I have 30 years and I am agree that we depends of the weather, and she did a mistake since three years.',
+    )
+    setPackLang('zh')
+    expectExactSpans('I very like to open the light, and many people is more better at it than me.')
+  })
+})

web/src/components/Companion/hanzi.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+import { readFileSync } from 'node:fs'
+import { gunzipSync } from 'node:zlib'
+import { describe, expect, it } from 'vitest'
+
+import { CONFUSION_PAIRS, hanziFindings } from './hanzi'
+import { buildSegmenter } from '../../lib/segment'
+
+// The 错别字 pack, held to the bar Phase 22 set for the English rule pack: every
+// rule pinned in *two* directions — the mistake it must catch, and the correct
+// writing next to it that it must leave alone.
+//
+// Here the second direction is the one that matters, and it is unusually easy to
+// get wrong. Chinese has no spaces, so every one of these rules is a substring
+// match on running text, and for most of them there exists an ordinary correct
+// sentence that contains the substring across a word boundary. Those sentences
+// are the real test.
+
+const raw = gunzipSync(readFileSync(new URL('../../../public/dictionaries/zh/words.txt.gz', import.meta.url)))
+const seg = buildSegmenter(raw.toString('utf8'))
+
+const flagged = (text: string) => hanziFindings(text, seg).map((f) => `${f.original}→${f.replacement}`)
+
+describe('the gate that admits a rule', () => {
+  // The pack's own claim about itself, checked against the shipped dictionary
+  // rather than asserted in a comment. A pair whose wrong form is a real word
+  // cannot be decided mechanically and does not belong here.
+  it('every wrong form is not a word, and every right form is', () => {
+    for (const { wrong, right } of CONFUSION_PAIRS) {
+      expect(seg.has(wrong), `${wrong} is a dictionary word and must not be flagged`).toBe(false)
+      expect(seg.has(right), `${right} is not a dictionary word`).toBe(true)
+    }
+  })
+
+  // The errors this pack deliberately refuses, and why — each is a genuine
+  // mistake by a modern standard whose wrong form is itself a headword. If a
+  // dictionary rebuild ever drops one of these, this test fails and the pair
+  // becomes admissible; that is the intended way to find out.
+  it('refuses the well-known errors it cannot decide', () => {
+    for (const undecidable of ['自已', '好象', '倒底', '帐号', '部份']) {
+      expect(seg.has(undecidable), `${undecidable} is no longer a word — reconsider the rule`).toBe(true)
+      expect(flagged(`这是${undecidable}的例子`)).toEqual([])
+    }
+  })
+})
+
+describe('the mistakes it catches', () => {
+  it('已 / 己 / 以', () => {
+    expect(flagged('我己经写完了作业')).toEqual(['己经→已经'])
+    expect(flagged('我以经吃过饭了')).toEqual(['以经→已经'])
+    expect(flagged('下课已后我们去公园')).toEqual(['已后→以后'])
+  })
+
+  it('在 / 再', () => {
+    expect(flagged('明天在见')).toEqual(['在见→再见'])
+    expect(flagged('他正再看书')).toEqual(['正再→正在'])
+    expect(flagged('现再几点了')).toEqual(['现再→现在'])
+  })
+
+  it('做 / 作', () => {
+    expect(flagged('我的工做很忙')).toEqual(['工做→工作'])
+    expect(flagged('老师给我们很多做业')).toEqual(['做业→作业'])
+    expect(flagged('这本书的做者是谁')).toEqual(['做者→作者'])
+  })
+
+  it('the rest', () => {
+    expect(flagged('我觉的这个很好')).toEqual(['觉的→觉得'])
+    expect(flagged('你因该早点睡')).toEqual(['因该→应该'])
+    expect(flagged('即然你来了就坐下吧')).toEqual(['即然→既然'])
+    expect(flagged('你知到吗')).toEqual(['知到→知道'])
+    expect(flagged('请输入你的蜜码')).toEqual(['蜜码→密码'])
+  })
+
+  it('reports an exact span, so the card replaces the right characters', () => {
+    const text = '我己经到了'
+    const [f] = hanziFindings(text, seg)
+    expect(text.slice(f.from, f.to)).toBe('己经')
+    expect(text.slice(0, f.from) + f.replacement + text.slice(f.to)).toBe('我已经到了')
+  })
+
+  it('finds every occurrence, in document order', () => {
+    expect(flagged('我己经吃了，他也己经吃了')).toEqual(['己经→已经', '己经→已经'])
+    expect(flagged('我的工做很忙，所以我觉的很累')).toEqual(['工做→工作', '觉的→觉得'])
+  })
+})
+
+// ── the direction that matters ──────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+describe('the correct writing it must not touch', () => {
+  // Each of these is an ordinary sentence containing a flagged substring across
+  // a word boundary. Without the boundary gate, every one would be corrupted —
+  // and corrupted silently, into text that is still made of real characters.
+  it('leaves two real words alone where they happen to abut', () => {
+    // 自己 + 经常. The substring is 己经.
+    expect(flagged('他自己经常做饭')).toEqual([])
+    // 睡觉 + 的. The substring is 觉的.
+    expect(flagged('睡觉的时候不要看手机')).toEqual([])
+    // 感觉 + 的.
+    expect(flagged('这是我感觉的方向')).toEqual([])
+    // 不知 + 到底.
+    expect(flagged('我不知到底该怎么办')).toEqual([])
+    // 因 + 位置.
+    expect(flagged('因位置不好我们换了座位')).toEqual([])
+    // 已 + 后悔.
+    expect(flagged('他已后悔了')).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  it('leaves ordinary correct prose entirely alone', () => {
+    for (const good of [
+      '我今天早上去公园跑步了',
+      '他的中文说得很好',
+      '我已经完成了我的作业',
+      '现在几点了，我们再见面吧',
+      '我觉得这个工作很有意思',
+      '既然你已经知道了，就按照计划做',
+    ]) {
+      expect(flagged(good), good).toEqual([])
+    }
+  })
+
+  // Where the gate costs the pack a real catch, and the trade it is making.
+  // 不知 is itself a word, so 我不知到他在哪里 — which really is 知到 for 知道 —
+  // reads to the segmenter as 不知 + 到 and is left alone. That is the gate
+  // preferring a missed error to a corrupted sentence, which is the whole
+  // premise: 我不知到底该怎么办 is the same three characters and is correct.
+  it('declines a real error rather than risk the sentence beside it', () => {
+    expect(flagged('我不知到他在哪里')).toEqual([])
+    expect(flagged('你知到吗')).toEqual(['知到→知道'])
+  })
+
+  it('says nothing about English, or about nothing', () => {
+    expect(flagged('I already finished my homework')).toEqual([])
+    expect(flagged('')).toEqual([])
+  })
+
+  // The direction gate. The word list is loaded only for an account learning
+  // Chinese, so without one this pack is silent — a writer practising English
+  // must never be told her own quoted Chinese is wrong.
+  it('is silent without a segmenter, which is how the direction gate works', () => {
+    expect(hanziFindings('我己经写完了', null)).toEqual([])
+  })
+})

web/src/components/Companion/hanzi.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,149 @@
+import type { MechanicsFinding } from '../../api/client'
+import type { Segmenter } from '../../lib/segment'
+
+// 错别字 — wrong-character detection, the Chinese counterpart of the spell
+// checker, and a different problem from the one Hunspell solves.
+//
+// Chinese has no misspellings in the English sense: every character a writer can
+// type is a real character, correctly formed, and an IME will not offer one that
+// is not. What it *will* offer is the wrong one. Typing pinyin `yijing` and
+// taking the first candidate gives 已经 or 己经 depending on the moment, and both
+// are made of real characters. So the unit of error is not a malformed word but
+// a **substituted character inside a correct-looking one** — which is why this
+// is a rule pack over confusable pairs rather than a dictionary membership test.
+//
+// The discipline is Phase 22's, and the bar is the same: **precision over
+// recall**. A wrong nudge costs more trust than a missed one earns, and it costs
+// double here, because a learner has no way to know the tool is wrong. Two
+// mechanical gates enforce it, and both are checked in the tests rather than
+// asserted in prose.
+
+// A confusable pair: `wrong` is never a word, `right` is what was meant.
+//
+// **Gate one — the pair must be decidable by the dictionary.** Each entry is
+// admitted only if `wrong` is absent from the 188k-word list *and* `right` is
+// present. That is what makes the correction a fact rather than a preference,
+// and it is checked against the shipped asset in hanzi.test.ts.
+//
+// It is also the gate that keeps out errors everyone knows are errors. 自已 for
+// 自己 is among the commonest slips in written Chinese, and 自已 is itself a
+// dictionary headword — so this pack does not flag it, exactly as Phase 22's
+// English pack left out `married with`. The same fate for 好象 (an older form of
+// 好像, still in the dictionary), 倒底, 帐号 and 部份: all real errors by a modern
+// standard, none of them decidable here.
+interface Confusion {
+  wrong: string
+  right: string
+  // The note on the card. English, because this pack only ever runs for a writer
+  // whose English is the language they think in — see the direction gate below.
+  why: string
+}
+
+const CONFUSIONS: Confusion[] = [
+  // 已 / 己 / 以 — three characters that differ by one stroke and share a
+  // syllable. The most productive source of 错别字 there is.
+  { wrong: '己经', right: '已经', why: '已经 (already) — 己 is the "self" character; the one you want is 已.' },
+  { wrong: '以经', right: '已经', why: '已经 (already) — 以 is a different word; 已 is the one that means "already".' },
+  { wrong: '已后', right: '以后', why: '以后 (afterwards) takes 以, not 已.' },
+
+  // 在 / 再 — same pinyin (zài), completely different jobs: one is location and
+  // ongoing action, the other is repetition.
+  { wrong: '在见', right: '再见', why: '再见 (goodbye) — 再 is "again", which is what "see you again" needs.' },
+  { wrong: '正再', right: '正在', why: '正在 (in the middle of doing) takes 在, the one about being somewhere.' },
+  { wrong: '现再', right: '现在', why: '现在 (now) takes 在.' },
+
+  // 做 / 作 — both zuò, both "to do", and which one a compound takes is simply
+  // fixed by convention. A learner cannot reason it out, which is what makes a
+  // reminder worth having.
+  { wrong: '工做', right: '工作', why: '工作 (work) is written with 作.' },
+  { wrong: '做业', right: '作业', why: '作业 (homework) is written with 作.' },
+  { wrong: '做者', right: '作者', why: '作者 (author) is written with 作.' },
+  { wrong: '做文', right: '作文', why: '作文 (an essay) is written with 作.' },
+  { wrong: '做用', right: '作用', why: '作用 (effect, function) is written with 作.' },
+
+  // 得 / 的 — the pair everyone knows about. Only the fixed compound is flagged:
+  // deciding 的 against 地 against 得 in the general case needs to know whether
+  // the next word is a verb or a noun, which nothing here can tell.
+  { wrong: '觉的', right: '觉得', why: '觉得 (to feel, to think) ends in 得.' },
+
+  // 即 / 既 — one stroke apart, opposite meanings ("namely" against "since").
+  { wrong: '即然', right: '既然', why: '既然 (since, given that) takes 既.' },
+  { wrong: '既使', right: '即使', why: '即使 (even if) takes 即.' },
+
+  // The rest: ordinary IME slips where the wrong character is a homophone.
+  { wrong: '因该', right: '应该', why: '应该 (should) — 因 means "because"; the word you want starts with 应.' },
+  { wrong: '因位', right: '因为', why: '因为 (because) ends in 为.' },
+  { wrong: '知到', right: '知道', why: '知道 (to know) ends in 道.' },
+  { wrong: '安照', right: '按照', why: '按照 (according to) takes 按.' },
+  { wrong: '蜜码', right: '密码', why: '密码 (password) takes 密 — 蜜 is honey.' },
+  { wrong: '犹其', right: '尤其', why: '尤其 (especially) takes 尤.' },
+  { wrong: '甘净', right: '干净', why: '干净 (clean) takes 干.' },
+  { wrong: '什末', right: '什么', why: '什么 (what) ends in 么.' },
+  { wrong: '一像', right: '一样', why: '一样 (the same) ends in 样 — 像 is "to resemble".' },
+  { wrong: '必须品', right: '必需品', why: '必需品 (a necessity) takes 需. 必须 is "must", which is a different word.' },
+]
+
+// **Gate two — the characters must not already belong to two different words.**
+//
+// This is the gate that stops the pack from destroying correct writing, and
+// without it every rule above is dangerous. 自己经常 ("oneself, often") contains
+// the string 己经. 睡觉的时候 ("when sleeping") contains 觉的. 不知到底 contains 知到.
+// A substring match would corrupt all three.
+//
+// The segmenter already knows the difference, so the test is: split the text,
+// and if the two characters land in different tokens *and* either token is a
+// real multi-character word, this is a word boundary and not an error. Two
+// adjacent single-character tokens is what the walk produces when it has nothing
+// better to offer — which is exactly what a mistyped compound looks like.
+function isWordBoundary(tokens: { word: string; from: number; to: number }[], at: number): boolean {
+  const left = tokens.find((t) => at >= t.from && at < t.to)
+  const right = tokens.find((t) => at + 1 >= t.from && at + 1 < t.to)
+  if (!left || !right || left === right) return false
+  return left.word.length > 1 || right.word.length > 1
+}
+
+// hanziFindings returns the 错别字 in a piece of text, as ordinary mechanics
+// findings — the same shape, the same rail, the same cards, the same accept.
+//
+// It needs the segmenter and does nothing without one, which is also the
+// direction gate: the word list is loaded only for an account learning Chinese
+// (useSegmenter), so a writer practising English can never be told her quoted
+// Chinese is wrong. That is not a nicety. Petal deliberately never corrects the
+// pair language — the fr and es dictionaries are chosen to hold every variety
+// precisely so they cannot underline correct writing — and a Mandarin native
+// does not need her own language checked by a rule pack of two dozen entries.
+export function hanziFindings(text: string, segmenter: Segmenter | null): MechanicsFinding[] {
+  if (!segmenter || !text) return []
+  // One segmentation for the whole text, shared by every rule. The walk is
+  // linear, but running it two dozen times over a long document would not be.
+  const tokens = segmenter.segment(text)
+  const found: MechanicsFinding[] = []
+
+  for (const c of CONFUSIONS) {
+    let from = text.indexOf(c.wrong)
+    while (from !== -1) {
+      // The boundary test is asked at the seam the substitution sits on: the
+      // gap between the first two characters, which is where a mistyped
+      // compound and two adjacent words look different from each other.
+      if (!isWordBoundary(tokens, from)) {
+        found.push({
+          from,
+          to: from + c.wrong.length,
+          original: c.wrong,
+          replacement: c.right,
+          explanation: c.why,
+          type: 'mechanics',
+        })
+      }
+      from = text.indexOf(c.wrong, from + 1)
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Document order, so the rail reads down the page rather than down this file.
+  return found.sort((a, b) => a.from - b.from)
+}
+
+// Exported for the tests, which check every pair against the shipped word list.
+// A pack whose own gate is only described in a comment is a pack whose gate can
+// rot; this is how the description is made to stay true.
+export const CONFUSION_PAIRS = CONFUSIONS.map((c) => ({ wrong: c.wrong, right: c.right }))

web/src/components/Companion/invitation.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+import { markInvited, mayInvite, todayKey } from './invitation'
+import { resetPackForTests, setPackLang } from '../../i18n'
+import { zh } from '../../i18n/packs/zh'
+import { ptPT } from '../../i18n/packs/pt-PT'
+import { declined, invitations } from './tips'
+
+// The suite runs without a DOM, so localStorage is stubbed the same way
+// prefs.test.ts does it.
+function fakeStorage(): Storage {
+  const map = new Map<string, string>()
+  return {
+    get length() {
+      return map.size
+    },
+    key: (i: number) => [...map.keys()][i] ?? null,
+    getItem: (k: string) => map.get(k) ?? null,
+    setItem: (k: string, v: string) => void map.set(k, v),
+    removeItem: (k: string) => void map.delete(k),
+    clear: () => map.clear(),
+  } as Storage
+}
+
+beforeEach(() => vi.stubGlobal('localStorage', fakeStorage()))
+afterEach(() => {
+  vi.unstubAllGlobals()
+  resetPackForTests()
+})
+
+describe('once a day', () => {
+  it('offers, then does not offer again the same day', () => {
+    expect(mayInvite()).toBe(true)
+    markInvited()
+    expect(mayInvite()).toBe(false)
+  })
+
+  it('offers again the next day', () => {
+    const monday = new Date(2026, 6, 27, 10, 0)
+    const tuesday = new Date(2026, 6, 28, 9, 0)
+    markInvited(monday)
+    expect(mayInvite(monday)).toBe(false)
+    expect(mayInvite(tuesday)).toBe(true)
+  })
+
+  // The whole promise of §5c: nothing is counting. A month away has to look
+  // exactly like a day away, because the alternative is a streak, and a streak
+  // punishes exactly the person this feature is for.
+  it('treats a month away the same as a day away', () => {
+    const june = new Date(2026, 5, 1, 10, 0)
+    const july = new Date(2026, 6, 27, 10, 0)
+    markInvited(june)
+    expect(mayInvite(july)).toBe(true)
+    // And after being asked again, still only ever one stored value: a date.
+    markInvited(july)
+    expect(localStorage.getItem('petal.invited')).toBe(todayKey(july))
+    // One stored value, and it is a date. Nothing accumulates.
+    expect(localStorage.length).toBe(1)
+  })
+
+  it('uses the writer\'s local day, so a late night and the small hours differ', () => {
+    const lateNight = new Date(2026, 6, 27, 23, 30)
+    const smallHours = new Date(2026, 6, 28, 1, 15)
+    markInvited(lateNight)
+    expect(mayInvite(smallHours)).toBe(true)
+  })
+})
+
+describe('the invitation copy', () => {
+  const PACKS = [
+    { name: 'zh', pack: zh },
+    { name: 'pt-PT', pack: ptPT },
+  ]
+
+  it('every pack offers something to write about, and a way to say no', () => {
+    for (const { name, pack } of PACKS) {
+      expect(pack.companion.invitations.length, name).toBeGreaterThan(3)
+      expect(pack.companion.inviteAccept.trim(), name).not.toBe('')
+      expect(pack.companion.inviteDecline.trim(), name).not.toBe('')
+      expect(pack.companion.declined.native.trim(), name).not.toBe('')
+    }
+  })
+
+  // The copy is bound by the same rule as the timing: no streaks, no guilt, no
+  // counting of days. This is the part a well-meaning future edit would undo —
+  // "day 4 in a row!" is a natural thing to write and the wrong thing to say.
+  it('never invokes a streak, a target, or a missed day', () => {
+    const forbidden =
+      /streak|in a row|every day|don't break|dont break|missed|behind|连续|打卡|坚持|seguidos|todos os dias|falhaste/i
+    for (const { name, pack } of PACKS) {
+      const copy = [
+        ...pack.companion.invitations.flatMap((l) => [l.native, l.en]),
+        pack.companion.inviteAccept,
+        pack.companion.inviteDecline,
+        pack.companion.declined.native,
+        pack.companion.declined.en,
+      ]
+      for (const line of copy) {
+        expect(line, `${name}: ${line}`).not.toMatch(forbidden)
+      }
+    }
+  })
+
+  it('reads from the pair in force, like every other companion line', () => {
+    setPackLang('pt-PT')
+    expect(invitations()).toBe(ptPT.companion.invitations)
+    expect(declined()).toBe(ptPT.companion.declined)
+    setPackLang('zh')
+    expect(invitations()).toBe(zh.companion.invitations)
+  })
+})

web/src/components/Companion/invitation.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+// When the companion may offer its daily invitation to write.
+//
+// A handful of lines, pulled out of the timing engine on purpose: this is the
+// part of §5c with the ethics in it, and it should be readable and testable on
+// its own rather than buried in a heartbeat.
+//
+// The rule is a *date*, not a count and not a run of days. Petal remembers the
+// last day it asked and nothing else — so there is no streak to break, no tally
+// of days missed, and nothing that gets worse for being away a week. Coming
+// back after a month looks exactly like coming back tomorrow, which is the only
+// version of this feature worth shipping to someone learning a language.
+//
+// Either answer spends the day's invitation. Being asked again after saying no
+// would turn "not today" into a negotiation.
+
+import { readPref, writePref } from '../../lib/prefs'
+
+const INVITED_KEY = 'petal.invited'
+
+// The local calendar day. Local rather than UTC because "today" is the writer's
+// day: a nudge at 11pm and another at 1am would otherwise be two different days.
+export function todayKey(now = new Date()): string {
+  const pad = (n: number) => String(n).padStart(2, '0')
+  return `${now.getFullYear()}-${pad(now.getMonth() + 1)}-${pad(now.getDate())}`
+}
+
+// mayInvite reports whether today's invitation is still unspent.
+export function mayInvite(now = new Date()): boolean {
+  return readPref(INVITED_KEY) !== todayKey(now)
+}
+
+// markInvited spends it — called when the invitation is *offered*, not when it
+// is accepted, because declining has to count too.
+export function markInvited(now = new Date()): void {
+  writePref(INVITED_KEY, todayKey(now))
+}

web/src/components/Companion/journalCheers.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+import { beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+const growth = vi.fn()
+vi.mock('../../api/client', () => ({ api: { growth: () => growth() } }))
+
+import { personalCheer, resetPersonalCheersForTests, warmPersonalCheers } from './journalCheers'
+import { resetPackForTests, setPackLang } from '../../i18n'
+
+const journal = {
+  kept: 4,
+  kept_before: 2,
+  stuck: [{ phrase: 'make a decision', docs: 3 }],
+  faded: [{ pattern: '在 the morning', times: 2 }],
+}
+
+// Let the warm-up promise settle.
+const settle = () => new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 0))
+
+describe('personal cheers', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    resetPersonalCheersForTests()
+    resetPackForTests()
+    growth.mockReset()
+  })
+
+  it('says nothing before the journal has arrived — the cheer never waits', () => {
+    growth.mockResolvedValue(journal)
+    warmPersonalCheers()
+    expect(personalCheer()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('serves each personal line once, then falls silent', async () => {
+    growth.mockResolvedValue(journal)
+    warmPersonalCheers()
+    await settle()
+
+    const first = personalCheer()
+    const second = personalCheer()
+    expect(first).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(second).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(first!.en).not.toBe(second!.en)
+    // Both lines used: personal praise repeated is wallpaper, so the caller is
+    // handed back to the generic pool instead.
+    expect(personalCheer()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('fetches once however often it is warmed', async () => {
+    growth.mockResolvedValue(journal)
+    warmPersonalCheers()
+    warmPersonalCheers()
+    await settle()
+    warmPersonalCheers()
+    expect(growth).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+  })
+
+  it('is silent when the journal fails, rather than failing visibly', async () => {
+    growth.mockRejectedValue(new Error('offline'))
+    warmPersonalCheers()
+    await settle()
+    expect(personalCheer()).toBeNull()
+  })
+
+  it('speaks the pair the writer is in, resolved at call time', async () => {
+    growth.mockResolvedValue({ ...journal, faded: [] })
+    warmPersonalCheers()
+    await settle()
+
+    setPackLang('pt-PT')
+    const line = personalCheer()
+    expect(line).not.toBeNull()
+    expect(line!.native).toContain('make a decision')
+    expect(line!.native).not.toBe(line!.en)
+    // The English half is the same sentence in every pack.
+    expect(line!.en).toContain('make a decision')
+  })
+})

web/src/components/Companion/journalCheers.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+// Personal material for the companion, drawn from the growth journal.
+//
+// The kitten's cheers are warm but generic — they'd be the same words for
+// anybody. The journal already knows things that are true of *this* writer and
+// nobody else ("you're using 'make a decision' on your own now"), and that is a
+// far better thing to hear after accepting an edit. §5a's own example.
+//
+// Three rules keep it from wearing out:
+//   * A given line is served once per session. Personal praise repeated is
+//     wallpaper, and wallpaper is worse than the generic cheer it replaced.
+//   * The journal is fetched lazily, on the first accept, and never awaited —
+//     the first cheer of a session is generic, and that's fine.
+//   * Lines are built at call time from the pack, like every other companion
+//     line, so a bubble composed after /api/me is in the right language.
+
+import { api, type GrowthJournal } from '../../api/client'
+import { pack, type Line } from '../../i18n'
+
+let journal: GrowthJournal | null = null
+let inFlight = false
+let served = new Set<string>()
+
+// warmPersonalCheers starts the one fetch this module ever needs. Safe to call
+// often; a failure is silent and simply leaves the companion with its generic
+// pool, which is exactly the pre-journal behaviour.
+export function warmPersonalCheers(): void {
+  if (journal || inFlight) return
+  inFlight = true
+  api
+    .growth()
+    .then((j) => {
+      journal = j
+    })
+    .catch(() => {
+      /* no journal, no personal cheer — never a visible failure */
+    })
+    .finally(() => {
+      inFlight = false
+    })
+}
+
+// personalCheer returns an unserved line about her own writing, or null when
+// there is none — the caller falls back to the generic pool.
+export function personalCheer(): Line | null {
+  if (!journal) return null
+  const t = pack()
+  const candidates = [
+    ...journal.stuck.map((s) => ({ key: `stuck:${s.phrase}`, line: () => t.journal.cheerStuck(s.phrase) })),
+    ...journal.faded.map((f) => ({ key: `faded:${f.pattern}`, line: () => t.journal.cheerFaded(f.pattern) })),
+  ].filter((c) => !served.has(c.key))
+  if (candidates.length === 0) return null
+  const chosen = candidates[Math.floor(Math.random() * candidates.length)]
+  served.add(chosen.key)
+  return chosen.line()
+}
+
+// Test seam, matching resetPackForTests: module state is per-session by design.
+export function resetPersonalCheersForTests(): void {
+  journal = null
+  inFlight = false
+  served = new Set()
+}

web/src/components/Companion/prose.ts

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 // fix-bearing hints so the same span never appears as both a bubble and a card.
 
 import { pack } from '../../i18n'
+import type { PairLang } from '../../i18n'
 import type { Line } from './tips'
 
 // The pair's prose copy. Read per finding rather than captured once, so a rule
@@ -41,8 +42,16 @@ export interface Fix {
   from: number
   to: number
   replacement: string
+  // Which suggestion family the card belongs to. Omitted means 'mechanics' — a
+  // fix to *this* sentence. The miscollocation rules set 'collocation', because
+  // what they hand over is a reusable chunk: the writer sees the same rail and
+  // the same warm phrasing as the LLM coach, and an accepted chunk plants in the
+  // vocabulary garden exactly as the coach's would.
+  family?: FindingFamily
 }
 
+export type FindingFamily = 'mechanics' | 'collocation'
+
 // A deterministic suggestion-card finding, derived from an applyable hint. Mirrors
 // the backend's card shape (original/replacement/explanation + span) so the card
 // pipeline can persist it as the 'mechanics' family. `explanation` is the English
@@ -53,6 +62,9 @@ export interface MechanicsFinding {
   original: string
   replacement: string
   explanation: string
+  // The family the server should file it under (see Fix.family). Always sent, so
+  // the backend never has to infer it from the endpoint it arrived on.
+  type: FindingFamily
 }
 
 // ── small text helpers ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────
@@ -630,19 +642,438 @@ function thanThen(text: string, out: ProseHint[]) {
   }
 }
 
+// "people is" — people is already plural in English, and every language Petal
+// pairs with has a singular word for it (人 / a gente / les gens / la gente).
+// Universal rather than per-pair for exactly that reason.
+const PEOPLE_IS_RE = /\b(people)\s+(is|was|has)\b/gi
+const PEOPLE_PLURAL: Record<string, string> = { is: 'are', was: 'were', has: 'have' }
+
+function peopleAre(text: string, out: ProseHint[]) {
+  let m: RegExpExecArray | null
+  PEOPLE_IS_RE.lastIndex = 0
+  while ((m = PEOPLE_IS_RE.exec(text))) {
+    const plural = PEOPLE_PLURAL[m[2].toLowerCase()]
+    const fixed = `${m[1]} ${matchCase(m[2], plural)}`
+    out.push({
+      id: `peopleare:${m.index}`,
+      rule: 'peopleare',
+      native: P().peopleArePlural(plural),
+      en: `“People” is plural in English: “people ${plural}”.`,
+      fix: { from: m.index, to: m.index + m[0].length, replacement: fixed },
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+// ── preposition pairs ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// The verbs and adjectives whose preposition English simply *decides* for you.
+// There is no rule to learn here — "depend" takes "on" and that is the end of
+// it — which is exactly what makes the offline pack the right place for them:
+// they are data, not judgement, and a lookup is instant.
+//
+// Every entry is a pairing that is wrong in essentially all contexts. The ones
+// that are only *usually* wrong were left out on purpose: "married with" is a
+// mistake until "married with children", "arrive to" wants at or in depending
+// on the noun, "different than" is ordinary American English. Precision over
+// recall — a confident wrong correction costs more than a quiet miss.
+interface PrepRule {
+  // Matched case-insensitively, with \b at both ends. The first group is the
+  // head word (kept, casing preserved), the rest is replaced wholesale.
+  re: RegExp
+  // The corrected phrase, with $1 standing for the captured head word.
+  to: string
+}
+
+const PREPOSITIONS: PrepRule[] = [
+  { re: /\b(depend|depends|depended|depending)\s+of\b/gi, to: '$1 on' },
+  { re: /\b(discuss|discusses|discussed|discussing)\s+about\b/gi, to: '$1' },
+  { re: /\b(participate|participates|participated|participating)\s+to\b/gi, to: '$1 in' },
+  { re: /\b(interested)\s+(?:about|for)\b/gi, to: '$1 in' },
+  { re: /\b(responsible)\s+of\b/gi, to: '$1 for' },
+  { re: /\b(capable)\s+to\b/gi, to: '$1 of' },
+  { re: /\b(afraid)\s+(?:from|of to)\b/gi, to: '$1 of' },
+  { re: /\b(according)\s+with\b/gi, to: '$1 to' },
+  { re: /\b(explain|explains|explained)\s+(me|us|him|her|them)\b/gi, to: '$1 to $2' },
+  // "listen the radio" — the object of "listen" always arrives through "to".
+  { re: /\b(listen|listens|listened|listening)\s+(the|a|an|my|your|his|her|our|their|this|that|these|those|music|me|him|us|them)\b/gi, to: '$1 to $2' },
+]
+
+function prepositions(text: string, out: ProseHint[]) {
+  for (const rule of PREPOSITIONS) {
+    let m: RegExpExecArray | null
+    rule.re.lastIndex = 0
+    while ((m = rule.re.exec(text))) {
+      // Rebuild the corrected phrase from the captures so the head word keeps the
+      // writer's own casing ("Depending of" → "Depending on").
+      const fixed = rule.to.replace(/\$(\d)/g, (_, d: string) => m![Number(d)] ?? '')
+      if (fixed === m[0]) continue
+      out.push({
+        id: `prep:${m.index}:${key(m[0])}`,
+        rule: 'preposition',
+        native: P().preposition(m[0].trim(), fixed),
+        en: `In English it's “${fixed}”, not “${m[0].trim()}”.`,
+        fix: { from: m.index, to: m.index + m[0].length, replacement: fixed },
+      })
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// Doubled comparatives and superlatives — "more better", "most easiest". The
+// -er/-est ending already carries the comparison, so the "more"/"most" is the
+// part that goes. An explicit form list rather than a generic /\w+er/ pattern,
+// which would catch "more clever" and "most eager" (both perfectly correct).
+const COMPARATIVE_FORMS =
+  'better|worse|greater|older|younger|bigger|smaller|larger|faster|slower|higher|' +
+  'lower|cheaper|stronger|weaker|easier|harder|earlier|later|sooner|longer|' +
+  'shorter|taller|richer|poorer|happier|safer|nicer|closer|warmer|colder'
+const SUPERLATIVE_FORMS =
+  'best|worst|greatest|oldest|youngest|biggest|smallest|largest|fastest|slowest|' +
+  'highest|lowest|cheapest|strongest|weakest|easiest|hardest|earliest|latest|' +
+  'soonest|longest|shortest|tallest|richest|poorest|happiest|safest|nicest|' +
+  'closest|warmest|coldest'
+const DOUBLE_COMPARATIVE_RE = new RegExp(
+  `\\b(more)\\s+(${COMPARATIVE_FORMS})\\b|\\b(most)\\s+(${SUPERLATIVE_FORMS})\\b`,
+  'gi',
+)
+
+function doubleComparative(text: string, out: ProseHint[]) {
+  let m: RegExpExecArray | null
+  DOUBLE_COMPARATIVE_RE.lastIndex = 0
+  while ((m = DOUBLE_COMPARATIVE_RE.exec(text))) {
+    const lead = m[1] ?? m[3]
+    const word = m[2] ?? m[4]
+    out.push({
+      id: `doublecomp:${m.index}`,
+      rule: 'doublecomp',
+      native: P().doubleComparative(lead, word),
+      en: `“${word}” is already the comparison — “${lead}” isn't needed: just “${word}”.`,
+      fix: { from: m.index, to: m.index + m[0].length, replacement: matchCase(lead, word) },
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+// ── miscollocations (the collocation family, offline half) ──────────────────
+// A few dozen entries of curated data doing what the collocation coach does
+// with a model behind a VPN. These are the do/make, say/tell, heavy-rain pairs
+// that fill every ESL collocation workbook: the writer's grammar is perfect and
+// the pairing is simply not the one English uses.
+//
+// They file as 'collocation', not 'mechanics', because that is what they are —
+// and it earns the writer the rest of the family's behaviour for free: the same
+// card, and a phrase card planted in the vocabulary garden when she accepts.
+// The writer never needs to know which engine spoke.
+//
+// Each entry is a whole-phrase swap so the card can anchor by string, and the
+// object is captured rather than listed, so "do a serious mistake" is caught
+// alongside "do a mistake".
+interface CollocationRule {
+  re: RegExp
+  to: string
+}
+
+const MISCOLLOCATIONS: CollocationRule[] = [
+  // do / make — the classic pair, in both directions.
+  { re: /\b(do|does|did|doing)\s+(a|an|the|my|your|his|her|our|their)\s+(decision|mistake|mistakes|effort|question|questions|progress|joke|jokes|favou?r)\b/gi, to: 'MAKE' },
+  { re: /\b(make|makes|made|making)\s+(my|your|his|her|our|their|the)\s+(homework|housework|laundry|dishes|shopping)\b/gi, to: 'DO' },
+  { re: /\b(make|makes|made|making)\s+(a|an|the|my|your|his|her|our|their)\s+(photo|photos|picture|pictures|shower|bath|walk|trip|nap|break|exam|exams|test|bus|taxi|train)\b/gi, to: 'TAKE' },
+  { re: /\b(make|makes|made|making)\s+(a|an|the)\s+(party|baby|good time|meeting)\b/gi, to: 'HAVE' },
+  { re: /\b(make|makes|made|making)\s+(a|an|the|my|your|his|her)\s+(question|questions)\b/gi, to: 'ASK' },
+  { re: /\b(make|makes|made|making|do|does|did|doing)\s+attention\b/gi, to: 'PAY_ATTENTION' },
+  // say / tell — "say me" for "tell me" is near-universal among learners.
+  { re: /\b(say|says|said|saying)\s+(me|him|her|us|them)\b/gi, to: 'TELL' },
+  { re: /\b(say|says|said|saying)\s+(a|the)\s+(lie|lies|truth|joke|jokes|story|stories)\b/gi, to: 'TELL_A' },
+  // Weather and intensity — English picks a different adjective per noun.
+  { re: /\b(strong|big|hard|huge)\s+(rain|snow|traffic|fog)\b/gi, to: 'HEAVY' },
+  { re: /\b(strong|heavy|big)\s+(wind|winds)\b/gi, to: 'STRONG_WIND' },
+]
+
+// Rebuild the corrected phrase for one miscollocation match. Kept as code rather
+// than a `to` template because the verb has to agree with the writer's own tense
+// ("did a mistake" → "made a mistake"), and only the verb form knows that.
+const VERB_FORMS: Record<string, Record<string, string>> = {
+  make: { base: 'make', s: 'makes', past: 'made', ing: 'making' },
+  do: { base: 'do', s: 'does', past: 'did', ing: 'doing' },
+  take: { base: 'take', s: 'takes', past: 'took', ing: 'taking' },
+  have: { base: 'have', s: 'has', past: 'had', ing: 'having' },
+  ask: { base: 'ask', s: 'asks', past: 'asked', ing: 'asking' },
+  tell: { base: 'tell', s: 'tells', past: 'told', ing: 'telling' },
+  pay: { base: 'pay', s: 'pays', past: 'paid', ing: 'paying' },
+}
+
+// Which slot of VERB_FORMS the writer's own verb occupies, so the replacement
+// lands in the same tense she was writing in.
+function verbSlot(verb: string): string {
+  const v = verb.toLowerCase()
+  if (v.endsWith('ing')) return 'ing'
+  if (v === 'did' || v === 'made' || v === 'took' || v === 'had' || v === 'told' || v === 'said' || v === 'paid' || v.endsWith('ed')) return 'past'
+  if (v === 'does' || v === 'says' || v === 'has' || v.endsWith('s')) return 's'
+  return 'base'
+}
+
+function collocationFix(m: RegExpExecArray, to: string): string | null {
+  const slot = verbSlot(m[1])
+  const conj = (v: string) => matchCase(m[1], VERB_FORMS[v][slot])
+  switch (to) {
+    case 'MAKE':
+    case 'DO':
+    case 'TAKE':
+    case 'HAVE':
+    case 'ASK':
+      return `${conj(to.toLowerCase())} ${m[2]} ${m[3]}`
+    case 'TELL':
+      return `${conj('tell')} ${m[2]}`
+    case 'TELL_A':
+      return `${conj('tell')} ${m[2]} ${m[3]}`
+    case 'PAY_ATTENTION':
+      return `${conj('pay')} attention`
+    case 'HEAVY':
+      return `${matchCase(m[1], 'heavy')} ${m[2]}`
+    case 'STRONG_WIND':
+      return m[1].toLowerCase() === 'strong' ? null : `${matchCase(m[1], 'strong')} ${m[2]}`
+    default:
+      return null
+  }
+}
+
+function miscollocations(text: string, out: ProseHint[]) {
+  for (const rule of MISCOLLOCATIONS) {
+    let m: RegExpExecArray | null
+    rule.re.lastIndex = 0
+    while ((m = rule.re.exec(text))) {
+      const fixed = collocationFix(m, rule.to)
+      if (!fixed || fixed.toLowerCase() === m[0].toLowerCase()) continue
+      out.push({
+        id: `colloc:${m.index}:${key(m[0])}`,
+        rule: 'collocation',
+        native: P().collocation(m[0].trim(), fixed),
+        en: `English usually pairs these differently: “${fixed}” rather than “${m[0].trim()}”.`,
+        fix: { from: m.index, to: m.index + m[0].length, replacement: fixed, family: 'collocation' },
+      })
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// ── false friends ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// A word that looks like one of hers and means something else. This is the
+// mistake that makes a learner feel foolish rather than merely corrected, so
+// Petal only ever raises an eyebrow: awareness-only, one per pass, and never a
+// replacement. "Actually" really might be the word she wanted — the flag says
+// what it means in English and lets her decide.
+//
+// The list is per pair and lives in the langpack (a zh pair has none: the trap
+// needs a shared script to spring). See Pack.falseFriends.
+function falseFriends(text: string, out: ProseHint[]) {
+  const list = pack().falseFriends
+  const words = Object.keys(list)
+  if (words.length === 0) return
+  // Escaped, because these keys are pack data: a future author writing "e.g."
+  // should get a heads-up, not a pattern that quietly matches everything.
+  const re = new RegExp(`\\b(${words.map((w) => w.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&')).join('|')})\\b`, 'gi')
+  let m: RegExpExecArray | null
+  while ((m = re.exec(text))) {
+    const entry = list[m[1].toLowerCase()]
+    if (!entry) continue
+    out.push({
+      id: `falsefriend:${m[1].toLowerCase()}`,
+      rule: 'falsefriend',
+      native: entry.native,
+      en: entry.en,
+    })
+    return // one per pass — a heads-up, not a sweep
+  }
+}
+
+// ── per-pair L1 interference ────────────────────────────────────────────────
+// Mistakes that are not "English mistakes" at all but the writer's own language
+// showing through: *ter 30 anos* becomes "have 30 years", 很喜欢 becomes "very
+// like", 开灯 becomes "open the light". They are gated by pair precisely so they
+// can be confident — a pattern that is a near-certainty for a Portuguese speaker
+// is only a guess for anybody else, and a guess doesn't belong in a rule pack.
+//
+// The rules a pair *doesn't* get are as deliberate as the ones it does. Mandarin
+// drops articles and slips he/she, both of which the plan names — and neither is
+// detectable from the text alone. "She said he was late" is a perfect sentence
+// whichever pronoun was meant, and no offline rule can tell a missing "the" from
+// a mass noun. Flagging them would mean correcting correct writing, which is the
+// one thing this pack promises not to do.
+
+const NUMBER_WORD =
+  'one|two|three|four|five|six|seven|eight|nine|ten|eleven|twelve|thirteen|' +
+  'fourteen|fifteen|sixteen|seventeen|eighteen|nineteen|twenty|thirty|forty|' +
+  'fifty|sixty|seventy|eighty|ninety'
+
+// *Ter X anos* / *avoir X ans* / *tener X años*: age is something you *have* in
+// every Romance language and something you *are* in English.
+const HAVE_YEARS_RE = new RegExp(
+  `\\b(I|you|we|they|he|she)\\s+(have|has|had)\\s+(\\d{1,3}|${NUMBER_WORD})\\s+years(\\s+old)?\\b`,
+  'gi',
+)
+
+// The English "to be" that matches the subject and the tense she wrote in.
+function beFor(subject: string, verb: string): string {
+  const past = verb.toLowerCase() === 'had'
+  const s = subject.toLowerCase()
+  if (s === 'i') return past ? 'was' : 'am'
+  if (s === 'he' || s === 'she') return past ? 'was' : 'is'
+  return past ? 'were' : 'are'
+}
+
+function haveYears(text: string, out: ProseHint[]) {
+  let m: RegExpExecArray | null
+  HAVE_YEARS_RE.lastIndex = 0
+  while ((m = HAVE_YEARS_RE.exec(text))) {
+    const fixed = `${m[1]} ${beFor(m[1], m[2])} ${m[3]} years old`
+    out.push({
+      id: `haveyears:${m.index}`,
+      rule: 'haveyears',
+      native: P().ageIsNotHave(m[3]),
+      en: `In English you *are* your age: “${fixed}”.`,
+      fix: { from: m.index, to: m.index + m[0].length, replacement: fixed },
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+// *Estou de acordo* / *je suis d'accord*: agreement is a verb in English, so the
+// "to be" in front of it has nothing to do.
+const AM_AGREE_RE = /\b(I|you|we|they|he|she)\s+(am|are|is|was|were)\s+agree\b/gi
+
+function amAgree(text: string, out: ProseHint[]) {
+  let m: RegExpExecArray | null
+  AM_AGREE_RE.lastIndex = 0
+  while ((m = AM_AGREE_RE.exec(text))) {
+    const past = /^(was|were)$/i.test(m[2])
+    const verb = past ? 'agreed' : m[1].toLowerCase() === 'he' || m[1].toLowerCase() === 'she' ? 'agrees' : 'agree'
+    const fixed = `${m[1]} ${verb}`
+    out.push({
+      id: `amagree:${m.index}`,
+      rule: 'amagree',
+      native: P().agreeIsAVerb,
+      en: `“Agree” is already the verb: “${fixed}”, not “${m[0].trim()}”.`,
+      fix: { from: m.index, to: m.index + m[0].length, replacement: fixed },
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+// *desde há três anos* / *depuis trois ans*: a stretch of time takes "for";
+// "since" wants the moment it started.
+const SINCE_DURATION_RE = new RegExp(
+  `\\b(since)\\s+((?:\\d{1,3}|${NUMBER_WORD}|a few|several|many)\\s+(?:years|months|weeks|days|hours|minutes))\\b`,
+  'gi',
+)
+
+function sinceDuration(text: string, out: ProseHint[]) {
+  let m: RegExpExecArray | null
+  SINCE_DURATION_RE.lastIndex = 0
+  while ((m = SINCE_DURATION_RE.exec(text))) {
+    const fixed = `${matchCase(m[1], 'for')} ${m[2]}`
+    out.push({
+      id: `since:${m.index}`,
+      rule: 'since',
+      native: P().forNotSince(m[2]),
+      en: `For a length of time use “for”: “${fixed}”. “Since” names when it started.`,
+      fix: { from: m.index, to: m.index + m[0].length, replacement: fixed },
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+// 很喜欢 — 很 modifies adjectives *and* verbs in Mandarin, so "very" arrives in
+// front of English verbs, where it cannot go.
+const VERY_VERB_RE =
+  /\b(very)\s+(like|likes|liked|want|wants|wanted|enjoy|enjoys|enjoyed|hope|hopes|hoped|miss|misses|missed|need|needs|needed|love|loves|loved|agree|agrees|agreed|understand|understands)\b/gi
+
+function veryVerb(text: string, out: ProseHint[]) {
+  let m: RegExpExecArray | null
+  VERY_VERB_RE.lastIndex = 0
+  while ((m = VERY_VERB_RE.exec(text))) {
+    const fixed = `${matchCase(m[1], 'really')} ${m[2]}`
+    out.push({
+      id: `veryverb:${m.index}`,
+      rule: 'veryverb',
+      native: P().veryBeforeVerb(m[2]),
+      en: `“Very” goes with adjectives, not verbs — “${fixed}” (or “${m[2]} … very much”).`,
+      fix: { from: m.index, to: m.index + m[0].length, replacement: fixed },
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+// 开灯 / 关电视 — Mandarin opens and closes appliances; English turns them on
+// and off.
+const TURN_FORMS: Record<string, string> = {
+  base: 'turn',
+  s: 'turns',
+  past: 'turned',
+  ing: 'turning',
+}
+const OPEN_LIGHT_RE =
+  /\b(open|opens|opened|close|closes|closed)\s+(the|a|my|your|his|her|our|their)\s+(light|lights|lamp|tv|television|radio|computer|fan|heater|air conditioner|air-conditioner)\b/gi
+
+function openTheLight(text: string, out: ProseHint[]) {
+  let m: RegExpExecArray | null
+  OPEN_LIGHT_RE.lastIndex = 0
+  while ((m = OPEN_LIGHT_RE.exec(text))) {
+    const opening = m[1].toLowerCase().startsWith('open')
+    const turn = matchCase(m[1], TURN_FORMS[verbSlot(m[1])] ?? 'turn')
+    const fixed = `${turn} ${opening ? 'on' : 'off'} ${m[2]} ${m[3]}`
+    out.push({
+      id: `openlight:${m.index}`,
+      rule: 'openlight',
+      native: P().turnOnNotOpen(m[3], opening),
+      en: `In English you turn a ${m[3]} ${opening ? 'on' : 'off'}: “${fixed}”.`,
+      fix: { from: m.index, to: m.index + m[0].length, replacement: fixed },
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+// 虽然…但是 is a matched pair in Mandarin; English takes one or the other, never
+// both. Awareness-only: which half to drop is the writer's call, and the "but"
+// on its own is far too common a word to anchor a card to.
+const ALTHOUGH_BUT_RE = /\b(although|though|even though)\b[^.!?]{0,120}?,?\s+but\b/gi
+
+function althoughBut(text: string, out: ProseHint[]) {
+  let m: RegExpExecArray | null
+  ALTHOUGH_BUT_RE.lastIndex = 0
+  while ((m = ALTHOUGH_BUT_RE.exec(text))) {
+    out.push({
+      id: `althoughbut:${key(m[0])}`,
+      rule: 'althoughbut',
+      native: P().althoughOrBut(m[1]),
+      en: `English uses “${m[1]}” or “but”, not both — one of them can go.`,
+    })
+    return
+  }
+}
+
+type Rule = (text: string, out: ProseHint[]) => void
+
+// Which interference rules belong to which pair. A pair with no entry simply
+// runs the shared pack, which is the correct behaviour for a language Petal has
+// not studied yet rather than a gap to fill with guesses.
+const L1_RULES: Partial<Record<PairLang, Rule[]>> = {
+  zh: [veryVerb, openTheLight, althoughBut],
+  'pt-PT': [haveYears, amAgree, sinceDuration],
+  fr: [haveYears, amAgree, sinceDuration],
+  es: [haveYears, amAgree, sinceDuration],
+}
+
 // ── orchestration ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
 
 // Rules run in priority order — the ones the writer cares most about first, so
 // that when several fire at once the companion leads with the weightiest note.
+// The false-friend heads-up sits near the top: of everything here it is the one
+// that costs her most to find out about later.
 const RULES: Array<(text: string, out: ProseHint[]) => void> = [
   runOns,
   commaSplices,
+  falseFriends,
   antecedents,
   oxford,
+  miscollocations,
   articles,
   uncountables,
   properCaps,
   subjectVerbAgreement,
+  peopleAre,
+  prepositions,
+  doubleComparative,
   pluralAfterNumber,
   doubleDeterminer,
   thereIsPlural,
@@ -656,6 +1087,13 @@ const RULES: Array<(text: string, out: ProseHint[]) => void> = [
   spaceAfterPunct,
 ]
 
+// Every rule that runs for this writer: the shared pack, plus the interference
+// rules belonging to her pair. Read per call rather than built once — the pair
+// isn't known until /api/me answers, and the checker runs long before and after.
+function rulesFor(): Rule[] {
+  return [...RULES, ...(L1_RULES[pack().code] ?? [])]
+}
+
 // analyzeProse returns context-aware hints, highest-priority first. It bails on
 // text too short to advise on (mid-thought drafts shouldn't get picked apart).
 // Hints that carry a `fix` are applyable (they also surface as suggestion cards);
@@ -664,26 +1102,27 @@ export function analyzeProse(text: string): ProseHint[] {
   const englishWords = text.match(ENGLISH_WORD_RE)?.length ?? 0
   if (englishWords < 8) return []
   const out: ProseHint[] = []
-  for (const rule of RULES) rule(text, out)
+  for (const rule of rulesFor()) rule(text, out)
   return out
 }
 
 // mechanicsFindings returns every applyable deterministic fix in the text, as
 // suggestion-card findings with exact spans. No word-count floor: a doubled word
 // or a stray lowercase “i” is worth fixing even in a short draft, the way a
-// spell-checker would. The card pipeline persists these as the 'mechanics'
-// family; collisions with the LLM cards are resolved server-side (mechanics
-// wins, since its span is exact).
+// spell-checker would. The card pipeline persists these under the family each
+// finding names (mechanics, or collocation for the miscollocation rules);
+// collisions with the LLM cards are resolved server-side (the offline card wins,
+// since its span is exact).
 export function mechanicsFindings(text: string): MechanicsFinding[] {
   const hints: ProseHint[] = []
-  for (const rule of RULES) rule(text, hints)
+  for (const rule of rulesFor()) rule(text, hints)
   const found: MechanicsFinding[] = []
   for (const h of hints) {
     if (!h.fix) continue
-    const { from, to, replacement } = h.fix
+    const { from, to, replacement, family } = h.fix
     const original = text.slice(from, to)
     if (!original || original === replacement) continue
-    found.push({ from, to, original, replacement, explanation: h.en })
+    found.push({ from, to, original, replacement, explanation: h.en, type: family ?? 'mechanics' })
   }
   // Two rules can occasionally claim overlapping spans (e.g. a doubled word that
   // also reads as stacked determiners). Resolve to one card per stretch of text:

web/src/components/Companion/tips.ts

@@ -18,6 +18,8 @@ export const errors = (): Line[] => pack().companion.errors
 export const greeting = (): Line => pack().companion.greeting
 export const welcomeBack = (): Line => pack().companion.welcomeBack
 export const milestoneLine = (n: number): Line => pack().companion.milestone(n)
+export const invitations = (): Line[] => pack().companion.invitations
+export const declined = (): Line => pack().companion.declined
 
 // Word-count milestones worth a little cheer — every 100 words, on up. A count,
 // not copy: the same in every language.